| 10-cell RNA Sequencing | A procedure that can determine the RNA sequences for all or part of the poly-A tail-containing messenger RNA transcripts in an individual. |
| 16S Ribosomal Gene Sequencing Assay | nan |
| 3' RNA-seq | A molecular genetic technique that combines chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) with massively parallel DNA sequencing to map the binding sites of DNA-associated proteins in a sample of cells. First, crosslinked protein-DNA complexes are isolated using ChIP. Next, the crosslinks are broken, the proteins are removed and the purified DNA is modified with adaptor oligonucleotides to facilitate massively parallel DNA sequencing. Following sequencing, the DNA sequences that are obtained can be mapped to their genomic locations. |
| 3C | nan |
| 3C-qPCR | nan |
| 3D Bioprinting | nan |
| 3D Cell Culture | nan |
| 4C | nan |
| 5C | nan |
| ATAC-Seq | A molecular genetic technique that isolates and sequences chromosomal regions that are rich in open chromatin. First, nuclei are harvested from a cellular sample. Then a hyperactive Tn5 transposase is added to the nuclei where it excises non-nucleosomal DNA strands and ligates co-administered high-throughput sequencing adapters (tagmentation). The tagged DNA fragments are isolated, amplified by PCR and sequenced. The number of reads for specific region of DNA correlate with increased chromatin accessibility and this method can identify regions of transcription factor and nucleosome binding. |
| ATP Bioluminescence Assay | nan |
| Affinity Purification Mass Spectrometry | An analytical technique wherein ions are separated according to their ratio of charge to mass. From the mass spectrum produced, the atomic weight of the particle can be deduced. |
| Allograft | A graft transferred from a donor of one species to a recipient of the same species but different genetic makeup. |
| Amplicon Sequencing | A DNA sequencing technique that can differentiate cytosine from 5-methylcytosine in a DNA sample. First, a denatured DNA sample is treated with bisulfite which converts non-methylated cytosine to uracil. Next, the sample is amplified using a PCR method that does not discriminate between non-methylated and methylated sequences. The amplified DNA is subjected to nucleotide sequencing. The resulting sequence is compared to an identical control sample of DNA that was not treated with bisulfite. Unmethylated cytosines will be displayed as cytosines in the control sample and as thymines in the bisulfite-treated sample. |
| Angiogenesis Assay | nan |
| Apoptosis Assay | nan |
| Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry | A technique utilizing a scanning probe to image and analyze the surface of a material with atomic-level resolution. |
| Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy | A spectrometric method that determines the type and concentration of metal elements in a sample, based upon the principle that each elemental metal absorbs a particular wavelength of ultraviolet light when exposed to heat. |
| Atomic Force Microscopy | A technique utilizing a scanning probe to image and analyze the surface of a material with atomic-level resolution. |
| Autoradiography | A technique used to locate radioactively labeled molecules, or fragments of molecules, by recording on a photographic or sensor plate the radiation emitted by radioactive material within a molecule. |
| Barcode-Seq | A molecular genetic technique that combines chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) with massively parallel DNA sequencing to map the binding sites of DNA-associated proteins in a sample of cells. First, crosslinked protein-DNA complexes are isolated using ChIP. Next, the crosslinks are broken, the proteins are removed and the purified DNA is modified with adaptor oligonucleotides to facilitate massively parallel DNA sequencing. Following sequencing, the DNA sequences that are obtained can be mapped to their genomic locations. |
| Bicinchoninic Acid Assay | A copper-based colorimetric assay for total protein quantification. This assay relies on the formation of a Cu2+-protein complex in a basic environment, followed by reduction of the Cu2+ to Cu+, causing a change of color from green to purple, with a strong absorbance at 562nm. |
| Binding Assay | nan |
| Bio-Layer Interferometry | nan |
| Bioluminescence Imaging | An imaging technique that uses fluorescent dye to achieve the desired image. |
| Bisulfite Sequencing | A DNA sequencing technique that can differentiate cytosine from 5-methylcytosine in a DNA sample. First, a denatured DNA sample is treated with bisulfite which converts non-methylated cytosine to uracil. Next, the sample is amplified using a PCR method that does not discriminate between non-methylated and methylated sequences. The amplified DNA is subjected to nucleotide sequencing. The resulting sequence is compared to an identical control sample of DNA that was not treated with bisulfite. Unmethylated cytosines will be displayed as cytosines in the control sample and as thymines in the bisulfite-treated sample. |
| Brightfield Microscopy | Brightfield microscopy is a type of light microscopy in which objects are seen against a bright background. |
| Brillouin Microscopy | The use of various technologies to resolve the structure or features of objects too small or fine to naturally be seen by eye. |
| CASFISH | nan |
| CITE-seq | A molecular genetic technique that combines chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) with massively parallel DNA sequencing to map the binding sites of DNA-associated proteins in a sample of cells. First, crosslinked protein-DNA complexes are isolated using ChIP. Next, the crosslinks are broken, the proteins are removed and the purified DNA is modified with adaptor oligonucleotides to facilitate massively parallel DNA sequencing. Following sequencing, the DNA sequences that are obtained can be mapped to their genomic locations. |
| CLIP-qPCR | nan |
| CRISPR | nan |
| CUT&RUN | nan |
| CUT&Tag-Sequencing | nan |
| Cell Adhesion Assay | Any method to measure the number of dividing cells in a culture, or to measure the change in the proportion of cells that are dividing. |
| Cell Proliferation Assay | Any method to measure the number of dividing cells in a culture, or to measure the change in the proportion of cells that are dividing. |
| Cell Viability Assay | A colorimetric assay that can assess the viability of cells by quantitation of the reduction of a yellow tetrazolium salt substrate to a product that has a purple color. This assay can measure the cytotoxicity of a chemical or drug by determining the affect of treatment on cell viability. |
| Cell-spreading Assay | Any method to measure the number of dividing cells in a culture, or to measure the change in the proportion of cells that are dividing. |
| CellTiter-Glo Luminescent Cell Viability Assay | A colorimetric assay that can assess the viability of cells by quantitation of the reduction of a yellow tetrazolium salt substrate to a product that has a purple color. This assay can measure the cytotoxicity of a chemical or drug by determining the affect of treatment on cell viability. |
| Cerenkov Luminescence Imaging | An imaging modality to study charged particles in tissue by detecting the Cerenkov luminescence produced, allowing the imaging of beta-emitting nuclear medicine probes by optical methods. |
| ChIA-PET | A molecular genetic technique that combines chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) with paired end tagged (PET) DNA sequencing to identify the nucleotide sequences for the binding sites occupied by DNA-associated proteins in a sample. |
| ChIP-PCR | A molecular genetic technique that combines chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) with massively parallel DNA sequencing to map the binding sites of DNA-associated proteins in a sample of cells. First, crosslinked protein-DNA complexes are isolated using ChIP. Next, the crosslinks are broken, the proteins are removed and the purified DNA is modified with adaptor oligonucleotides to facilitate massively parallel DNA sequencing. Following sequencing, the DNA sequences that are obtained can be mapped to their genomic locations. |
| ChIP-Seq | A molecular genetic technique that combines chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) with massively parallel DNA sequencing to map the binding sites of DNA-associated proteins in a sample of cells. First, crosslinked protein-DNA complexes are isolated using ChIP. Next, the crosslinks are broken, the proteins are removed and the purified DNA is modified with adaptor oligonucleotides to facilitate massively parallel DNA sequencing. Following sequencing, the DNA sequences that are obtained can be mapped to their genomic locations. |
| ChIP-qPCR assay | A molecular genetic technique that combines chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) with massively parallel DNA sequencing to map the binding sites of DNA-associated proteins in a sample of cells. First, crosslinked protein-DNA complexes are isolated using ChIP. Next, the crosslinks are broken, the proteins are removed and the purified DNA is modified with adaptor oligonucleotides to facilitate massively parallel DNA sequencing. Following sequencing, the DNA sequences that are obtained can be mapped to their genomic locations. |
| Chemiluminescent Assay | nan |
| Chemotaxis Assay | nan |
| Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy | The technique of measuring the emission and absorption of different wavelengths (spectra) of visible and non-visible light. This can be done via a spectroscope, which consists of a slit, prism, collimator lens, object lens, and a grating. |
| Co-Immunoprecipitation | Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) is a popular technique for protein interaction discovery. In a co-IP the target antigen precipitated by the antibody "co-precipitates" a binding partner/protein complex from a lysate. It is assumed that these proteins are related to the function of the target antigen at the cellular level. |
| Co-culture Assay | nan |
| Collision-Induced Dissociation | A method by which fragmentation can be achieved. CID is accomplished by selecting an ion of interest with the mass analyzer and then subjecting that ion to collisions with neutral atoms or molecules. The resulting fragment ions are then mass analyzed. (from The Expanding Role of Mass Spectrometry in Biotechnology by Gary Siuzdak) |
| Colorimetric Cell Viability Assay | A colorimetric assay that can assess the viability of cells by quantitation of the reduction of a yellow tetrazolium salt substrate to a product that has a purple color. This assay can measure the cytotoxicity of a chemical or drug by determining the affect of treatment on cell viability. |
| Computational Modeling | The use of statistical analysis, computer analysis, or model organisms to predict outcomes of research. (doegenomes.org) |
| Computational Tool | nan |
| Computed Tomography | An imaging technique for examining structures within the body by scanning them with X rays and using a computer to construct a series of cross-sectional scans along a single axis. |
| Confocal Microscopy | A system of (usually) epifluorescence light microscopy in which a fine laser beam of light is scanned over the object through the objective lens. This technique is particularly good at rejecting light from outside the plane of focus and so produces higher effective resolution than other microscopy techniques. |
| Confocal Reflectance Quantitative Phase Microscopy | A system of (usually) epifluorescence light microscopy in which a fine laser beam of light is scanned over the object through the objective lens. This technique is particularly good at rejecting light from outside the plane of focus and so produces higher effective resolution than other microscopy techniques. |
| Cross-Linking Immunoprecipitation High-throughput Sequencing | A molecular biology method combining crosslinking-immunoprecipitation and high-throughput sequencing techniques to detect and map RNA-protein interactions. In CLIP, whole tissues, organisms or individual cell types are treated with UV irradiation, which introduces covalent bonds between RNA-protein complexes. This is followed by immunoprecipitation and removal of the protein component of the crosslinked complex. The purified RNAs are then fragmented, reduced in size and subjected to high-throughput sequencing for the identification of RNA binding sites. |
| Cross-Linking Mass Spectrometry | An analytical technique wherein ions are separated according to their ratio of charge to mass. From the mass spectrum produced, the atomic weight of the particle can be deduced. |
| Cyclic Immunofluorescence | A method that enables simultaneous detection of multiple biomarkers on a single tissue section using immunofluorescence techniques. |
| Cytochemical Stain | nan |
| Cytokine Expression Profile | The identification and quantitation of all of the cytokines expressed in a biological sample. |
| Cytometric Bead Array Assay | nan |
| Cytotoxicity Assay | nan |
| DBiT-Seq | A molecular genetic technique that combines chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) with massively parallel DNA sequencing to map the binding sites of DNA-associated proteins in a sample of cells. First, crosslinked protein-DNA complexes are isolated using ChIP. Next, the crosslinks are broken, the proteins are removed and the purified DNA is modified with adaptor oligonucleotides to facilitate massively parallel DNA sequencing. Following sequencing, the DNA sequences that are obtained can be mapped to their genomic locations. |
| DNA Gene-Expression Microarray | A process that allows thousands of pieces of DNA that are fixed to a glass slide to be analyzed at one time. It is used to identify the genes (pieces of DNA) in specific cells or tissue that are actively used to make RNA, which then may be used to make proteins. |
| DNA Methylation Array | The use of a high-throughput microarray where all of the known CpG islands either in a single specimen or all of the known promoter sequences of a specimen or a population group are coupled to beads or microwells to determine which are methylated. |
| DNA Sequencing | The determination of the sequence of purines and pyrimidines in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). |
| DNase-Seq | A molecular genetic technique where genome-wide sequencing is performed on DNA regions that are super sensitive to cleavage by DNase I to identify putative DNA regulatory sequences. |
| DRIP-seq | A molecular genetic technique that combines chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) with massively parallel DNA sequencing to map the binding sites of DNA-associated proteins in a sample of cells. First, crosslinked protein-DNA complexes are isolated using ChIP. Next, the crosslinks are broken, the proteins are removed and the purified DNA is modified with adaptor oligonucleotides to facilitate massively parallel DNA sequencing. Following sequencing, the DNA sequences that are obtained can be mapped to their genomic locations. |
| Dark Field Microscopy | A microscopic technique in which the light that does not come into contact with the structure or details of interest is subtracted from the ocular image. This yields an image in which the structure or details are alight while the areas where the structures or details are absent are dark. |
| Deep Mutational Scanning | Technique of electron microscopy in which the specimen is coated with heavy metal and then scanned by an electron beam. The resolution is not as great as with transmission electron microscopy, but preparation is easier (often by fixation followed by critical point drying), the depth of focus is relatively enormous, the surface of a specimen can be seen (though not the interior unless the specimen is cracked open) and the image is aesthetically pleasing. |
| Desorption Electrospray Ionization | nan |
| Dideoxy Chain Termination DNA Sequencing | A DNA sequencing technique in which a mixture of deoxynucleosidetriphosphates (dNTPs) and chain-terminating dNTPs, which are radioactively or fluorescently labeled, are combined within the reaction mixture. Once the reaction is complete, the DNA strands are separated by size, and the labeled chain terminating dNTPs can be read in sequence by the investigator or by a machine. |
| Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy | The use of various technologies to resolve the structure or features of objects too small or fine to naturally be seen by eye. |
| Differential Scanning Fluorimetry | Technique of electron microscopy in which the specimen is coated with heavy metal and then scanned by an electron beam. The resolution is not as great as with transmission electron microscopy, but preparation is easier (often by fixation followed by critical point drying), the depth of focus is relatively enormous, the surface of a specimen can be seen (though not the interior unless the specimen is cracked open) and the image is aesthetically pleasing. |
| Diffusion Weighted Imaging | A type of MRI technique in which diffusion-sensitizing gradients are applied to the imaging sequence. |
| Direct Long-Read RNA Sequencing | nan |
| Drop-Seq | A molecular genetic technique that combines chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) with massively parallel DNA sequencing to map the binding sites of DNA-associated proteins in a sample of cells. First, crosslinked protein-DNA complexes are isolated using ChIP. Next, the crosslinks are broken, the proteins are removed and the purified DNA is modified with adaptor oligonucleotides to facilitate massively parallel DNA sequencing. Following sequencing, the DNA sequences that are obtained can be mapped to their genomic locations. |
| Droplet Digital PCR | A type of digital polymerase chain reaction technique in which the sample is fractionated into thousands of tiny droplets using a water-oil emulsion droplet technology, within which individual PCR reactions occur in each droplet. |
| Dual-Luciferase Reporter Assay | nan |
| Dye Endocytosis Assay | nan |
| Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging | A type of contrast-enhanced MRI that allows observation of functional properties in addition to structural properties. |
| Dynamic Force Spectroscopy | The technique of measuring the emission and absorption of different wavelengths (spectra) of visible and non-visible light. This can be done via a spectroscope, which consists of a slit, prism, collimator lens, object lens, and a grating. |
| Dynamic Light Scattering | A type of spectroscopy that utilizes a laser beam to irradiate a sample containing particles in suspension, resulting in light scattering. Rapid fluctuations in scattering intensity, around a mean value at a certain angle, occur because of particle diffusion and are dependent upon on particle size. The calculated correlation function yields a diffusion coefficient, for a given temperature and viscosity, which can be used to calculate particle size. |
| Dynamic Susceptibility Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging | A type of magnetic resonance imaging that uses the transient signal reduction induced by the first pass of gadolinium chelate through the brain vessels to calculate cerebral blood flow maps, and to determine the ratio between the cerebral blood volume in the lesion and the cerebral blood volume in normal tissue. |
| ELISA | A type of enzyme immunoassay in which an antigen or antibody is bound to a solid substrate (e.g., microplate or beads) and interacts with an enzyme-linked antibody or antigen in solution. |
| Efferocytosis Assay | nan |
| Electron Diffraction | Any form of microscopy in which the interactions of electrons with the specimens are used to provide information about the final structure of that specimen. |
| Electron Microscopy | Any form of microscopy in which the interactions of electrons with the specimens are used to provide information about the final structure of that specimen. |
| Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy | The technique of measuring the emission and absorption of different wavelengths (spectra) of visible and non-visible light. This can be done via a spectroscope, which consists of a slit, prism, collimator lens, object lens, and a grating. |
| Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay | A molecular biology technique used to detect the interaction of a DNA binding protein with its cognate binding sequence. Labeled DNAs were reacted with crude cell extracts and the complexes are run through a non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel. The migration of the labeled DNA through the gel will be slower by being bound. This shift in electrophoretic mobility indicates functional binding between the protein and the DNA. |
| Electrospray Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry | An analytical technique wherein ions are separated according to their ratio of charge to mass. From the mass spectrum produced, the atomic weight of the particle can be deduced. |
| Endotoxin Assay | nan |
| Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy | A technique in crystallography in which the pattern produced by the diffraction of x-rays through the closely spaced lattice of atoms in a crystal is recorded and then analyzed to reveal the nature of that lattice. |
| Enzyme Activity Assay | nan |
| Enzyme-Linked Immunospot Assay | nan |
| Epidemiological Method | Epidemiological methods involve sophisticated statistics and higher mathematics. These methods allow epidemiologists to address issues like non-experimental studies of mechanistic questions in disease etiology, including studies of the impact of the social position of individuals in different social contexts. |
| FAIRE-Seq | A molecular genetic technique that depletes a biological sample of nucleosomal DNA and then subjects the non-nucleosome-associated DNA to next-generation sequencing. Since nucleosome disruption of chromatin is indicative of active sites of DNA transcription, this technique can isolate DNA sequences that are involved in transcriptional regulation. First, a sample is treated with formaldehyde to form DNA-protein crosslinks, followed by sample lysis and sonication. The processed sample is subjected to phenol/chloroform extraction and the DNA in the aqueous phase is analyzed using next-generation sequencing techniques. |
| FISH | Any jawed or jawless organisms in the phylum Chordata including the jawless fish, armored fish, cartilaginous fish, ray-finned fish and lobe-finned fish. |
| Flow Cytometry | A technique for counting, examining or sorting microscopic particles suspended in a stream of fluid. The cells are placed in a fluid (with or without light-sensitive dye) and passed in a stream before a laser or other type of light. |
| Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting | Selection and deposition of individual cells of a particular phenotype from a mixed population into a separate tube or tissue culture plate by the use of a fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) and fluorescently-labeled antibodies specific for surface molecules on the cells to be sorted. |
| Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy | The technique of measuring the emission and absorption of different wavelengths (spectra) of visible and non-visible light. This can be done via a spectroscope, which consists of a slit, prism, collimator lens, object lens, and a grating. |
| Fluorescence Imaging | An imaging technique that uses fluorescent dye to achieve the desired image. |
| Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy | An imaging technique that produces spatially resolved images based on the differences in the excited state decay rates of fluorescent compounds in a sample. |
| Fluorescence Microscopy | The use of a special microscope to see objects that give off fluorescent light. For example, cells or tissue can be treated with a substance that contains a fluorescent dye. The dye lights up when viewed under a microscope with a special light. |
| Fluorescence Recovery After Photo-Bleaching | The use of a special microscope to see objects that give off fluorescent light. For example, cells or tissue can be treated with a substance that contains a fluorescent dye. The dye lights up when viewed under a microscope with a special light. |
| Fluorescent Antibody Procedure | An immunological procedure in which the antibodies are coupled with molecules which fluoresce under ultra violet (UV) light. This makes them particularly suitable for detection of specific antigens in tissues or on cells. |
| Fluorescent Cell Barcoding | An immunological procedure in which the antibodies are coupled with molecules which fluoresce under ultra violet (UV) light. This makes them particularly suitable for detection of specific antigens in tissues or on cells. |
| Fluorescent In Situ Sequencing | Use of a DNA or RNA probe to detect the presence of complementary sequences in chromosomes, cells, or tissues. (NCI) |
| Focused Ion Beam Scanning Electron Microscopy | Technique of electron microscopy in which the specimen is coated with heavy metal and then scanned by an electron beam. The resolution is not as great as with transmission electron microscopy, but preparation is easier (often by fixation followed by critical point drying), the depth of focus is relatively enormous, the surface of a specimen can be seen (though not the interior unless the specimen is cracked open) and the image is aesthetically pleasing. |
| Forster Resonance Energy Transfer | nan |
| Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry | A type of mass spectrometry that uses the cyclotron frequency of ions in a fixed magnetic field to determine their ionic mass-to-charge ratio. |
| Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy | A type of mass spectrometry that uses the cyclotron frequency of ions in a fixed magnetic field to determine their ionic mass-to-charge ratio. |
| Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry | An analytical technique wherein gas chromatography is coupled to mass spectrometry in order to separate, identify, and quantify substances in a sample. |
| Gelatin Zymography | An SDS-PAGE based procedure used to identify matrix metalloproteinases. |
| Genotyping | The determination of the nucleotide sequence of the genetic material at a specific locus. |
| Global Chromatin Profiling | nan |
| Global Run-On Sequencing | nan |
| Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry | A technique utilizing a scanning probe to image and analyze the surface of a material with atomic-level resolution. |
| HL-Chip | A molecular genetic technique that combines chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) with massively parallel DNA sequencing to map the binding sites of DNA-associated proteins in a sample of cells. First, crosslinked protein-DNA complexes are isolated using ChIP. Next, the crosslinks are broken, the proteins are removed and the purified DNA is modified with adaptor oligonucleotides to facilitate massively parallel DNA sequencing. Following sequencing, the DNA sequences that are obtained can be mapped to their genomic locations. |
| HPLC-MSMS | nan |
| Hematoxylin and Eosin Staining Method | Hematoxylin-and-eosin, or H&E, is a routine staining procedure of tissue sections. This staining method uses two separate dyes, one staining the nucleus and the other staining the cytoplasm and connective tissue. Hematoxylin is a dark purplish dye that stains the chromatin (nuclear material) within the nucleus. Eosin is an orangish-pink to red dye that stains the cytoplasmic material including connective tissue and collagen. |
| Hi-C | nan |
| HiChIP | A method that combines chromosome conformation capture, proximity ligation and chromatin immunoprecipitation to isolate DNA from a biospecimen, create a genomic library and analyze 3D chromatin organization. |
| High Throughput Screening | Use of robots and other automated techniques to screen large numbers of samples. |
| High-Content Screen | nan |
| Hydrogels | nan |
| Hydrophilic Interaction Chromatography | nan |
| Image Cytometry | A flow cytometry technique that utilizes mass spectrometry to detect antibodies labeled with heavy metal ion tags that are bound to antigens of interest on single cells. |
| Imaging | An imaging technique that uses fluorescent dye to achieve the desired image. |
| Immobilized Metal Affinity Chromatography | A method to purify proteins or peptides from a mixture that leverages their affinity to positively charged ions immobilized on NTA-agarose beads. |
| ImmunoFISH | nan |
| Immunoassay | An immunological procedure used for the microscopic examination of tissues. It involves the usage of enzyme-antibody or enzyme-antigen conjugates, antienzyme antibodies, or enzyme-antienzyme complexes. |
| Immunocytochemistry | A method for the detection of proteins or antigens on samples of cells that are grown in monolayers or in suspension and deposited on slides, using antibodies or other biomolecules that bind the target and can be visualized through a chemical process. |
| Immunohistochemistry Staining Method | Immunohistochemical staining techniques allow for the visualization of antigens via the sequential application of a specific antibody to the antigen (primary antibody), a secondary antibody to the primary antibody and an enzyme complex with a chromogenic substrate. The enzymatic activation of the chromogen results in a visible reaction product at the antigen site. The specimen may then be counterstained and coverslipped. Results are interpreted using a light microscope and aid in the differential diagnosis of pathophysiological processes, which may or may not be associated with a particular antigen. |
| Immunoprecipitation | Antigen aggregation with antibody, in the right ratios, to cause precipitation. (NCI) |
| In Situ Hybridization | Use of a DNA or RNA probe to detect the presence of complementary sequences in chromosomes, cells, or tissues. (NCI) |
| In Vitro Cell Killing Assay | nan |
| In Vitro Model | nan |
| In Vitro Selection | nan |
| In Vitro Translation | nan |
| In Vivo Bioluminescence | nan |
| In-Cell Western Assay | Any method to measure the number of dividing cells in a culture, or to measure the change in the proportion of cells that are dividing. |
| Inductively-Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry | A mass spectrometry technique that uses inductively-coupled plasma generated from argon gas to atomize and ionize a sample. The resulting ions are separated and analyzed using a mass spectrometer. |
| Interference Reflection Microscopy | The use of various technologies to resolve the structure or features of objects too small or fine to naturally be seen by eye. |
| Intravital Microscopy | The use of various technologies to resolve the structure or features of objects too small or fine to naturally be seen by eye. |
| Invasion Assay | nan |
| Karyotyping | The preparation, analysis, and interpretation of a karyotype, the representation of the chromosome set of a cell. |
| Knife-Edge Scanning Microscopy | Technique of electron microscopy in which the specimen is coated with heavy metal and then scanned by an electron beam. The resolution is not as great as with transmission electron microscopy, but preparation is easier (often by fixation followed by critical point drying), the depth of focus is relatively enormous, the surface of a specimen can be seen (though not the interior unless the specimen is cracked open) and the image is aesthetically pleasing. |
| L1000 mRNA Profiling Assay | nan |
| Lattice Light Sheet Microscopy | The use of a special microscope to see objects that give off fluorescent light. For example, cells or tissue can be treated with a substance that contains a fluorescent dye. The dye lights up when viewed under a microscope with a special light. |
| Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry | LC/MS is a hyphenated technique, combining the separation power of liquid chromatography (LC), an analytical chromatographic technique for separating ions or molecules dissolved in a solvent, with the detection power of mass spectrometry(MS), a technique to separate gas phase ions according their m/z (mass to charge ratio) value. Used for drug screening, pharmacology studies, environmental analyses and forensics. |
| Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry | An analytical technique wherein liquid chromatography is coupled to tandem mass spectrometry in order to separate, identify, and quantify substances in a sample. |
| Low-Vacuum Scanning Electron Microscopy | Technique of electron microscopy in which the specimen is coated with heavy metal and then scanned by an electron beam. The resolution is not as great as with transmission electron microscopy, but preparation is easier (often by fixation followed by critical point drying), the depth of focus is relatively enormous, the surface of a specimen can be seen (though not the interior unless the specimen is cracked open) and the image is aesthetically pleasing. |
| Luciferase Reporter Assay | nan |
| Luminescent Cell Viability Assay | A colorimetric assay that can assess the viability of cells by quantitation of the reduction of a yellow tetrazolium salt substrate to a product that has a purple color. This assay can measure the cytotoxicity of a chemical or drug by determining the affect of treatment on cell viability. |
| MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry | An analytical technique wherein ions are separated according to their ratio of charge to mass. From the mass spectrum produced, the atomic weight of the particle can be deduced. |
| MEMA Cell Growth Assay | Any method to measure the number of dividing cells in a culture, or to measure the change in the proportion of cells that are dividing. |
| MNase-Seq | A molecular genetic technique that combines chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) with massively parallel DNA sequencing to map the binding sites of DNA-associated proteins in a sample of cells. First, crosslinked protein-DNA complexes are isolated using ChIP. Next, the crosslinks are broken, the proteins are removed and the purified DNA is modified with adaptor oligonucleotides to facilitate massively parallel DNA sequencing. Following sequencing, the DNA sequences that are obtained can be mapped to their genomic locations. |
| MULTI-Seq | A molecular genetic technique that combines chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) with massively parallel DNA sequencing to map the binding sites of DNA-associated proteins in a sample of cells. First, crosslinked protein-DNA complexes are isolated using ChIP. Next, the crosslinks are broken, the proteins are removed and the purified DNA is modified with adaptor oligonucleotides to facilitate massively parallel DNA sequencing. Following sequencing, the DNA sequences that are obtained can be mapped to their genomic locations. |
| Macrophage Polarization Assay | nan |
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | Imaging that uses radiofrequency waves and a strong magnetic field rather than x-rays to provide detailed pictures of internal organs and tissues. The technique is valuable for the diagnosis of many pathologic conditions, including cancer, heart and vascular disease, stroke, and joint and musculoskeletal disorders. |
| Magnetic Tweezers | A technique that utilizes light waves to exert minute forces as well as transmit energy to isolate and manipulate nanoparticles. |
| Magnetic Twisting Cytometry | A flow cytometry technique that utilizes mass spectrometry to detect antibodies labeled with heavy metal ion tags that are bound to antigens of interest on single cells. |
| Magnetically Activated Cell Sorting | Selection and deposition of individual cells of a particular phenotype from a mixed population into a separate tube or tissue culture plate by the use of a fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) and fluorescently-labeled antibodies specific for surface molecules on the cells to be sorted. |
| Mammosphere Formation Assay | nan |
| Mass Cytometry | A flow cytometry technique that utilizes mass spectrometry to detect antibodies labeled with heavy metal ion tags that are bound to antigens of interest on single cells. |
| Mass Spectrometry | An analytical technique wherein ions are separated according to their ratio of charge to mass. From the mass spectrum produced, the atomic weight of the particle can be deduced. |
| Mathematical Modeling | The use of statistical analysis, computer analysis, or model organisms to predict outcomes of research. (doegenomes.org) |
| MeDIP | nan |
| MeRIP-Seq | A molecular genetic technique that combines chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) with massively parallel DNA sequencing to map the binding sites of DNA-associated proteins in a sample of cells. First, crosslinked protein-DNA complexes are isolated using ChIP. Next, the crosslinks are broken, the proteins are removed and the purified DNA is modified with adaptor oligonucleotides to facilitate massively parallel DNA sequencing. Following sequencing, the DNA sequences that are obtained can be mapped to their genomic locations. |
| Methyl Binding Domain Sequencing | nan |
| Methylation-Specific PCR | Polymerase chain reaction that uses two sets of primers, in two sequential runs of amplification, with the second set intended to amplify a target within the first run product. |
| Micro-computed Tomography | An imaging technique for examining structures within the body by scanning them with X rays and using a computer to construct a series of cross-sectional scans along a single axis. |
| MicroRNA Expression Array | A molecular biology device that utilizes a set of defined cDNA clones attached in a specific grid arrangement to a solid support for nucleic acid hybridization assays in gene mapping studies or in determining gene sequences, sequence variations, or gene expression patterns. |
| MicroRNA Sequencing | A next-generation or massively parallel high-throughput DNA sequencing-based procedure that can identify and quantify the microRNA sequences present in a biological sample. |
| Microcontact Printing | nan |
| Microfluidics | nan |
| Micropipette Adhesion Assay | nan |
| Micropipette Aspiration | nan |
| Microscopy | The use of various technologies to resolve the structure or features of objects too small or fine to naturally be seen by eye. |
| Migration Assay | An in vitro assay in which cultured cells are monitored and analyzed for their ability to move into an acellular area of a culture material. |
| Mint-ChIP | A molecular genetic technique that combines chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) with massively parallel DNA sequencing to map the binding sites of DNA-associated proteins in a sample of cells. First, crosslinked protein-DNA complexes are isolated using ChIP. Next, the crosslinks are broken, the proteins are removed and the purified DNA is modified with adaptor oligonucleotides to facilitate massively parallel DNA sequencing. Following sequencing, the DNA sequences that are obtained can be mapped to their genomic locations. |
| Modeling | The use of statistical analysis, computer analysis, or model organisms to predict outcomes of research. (doegenomes.org) |
| Molecular Simulations | nan |
| Monolayer Stress Microscopy | The use of various technologies to resolve the structure or features of objects too small or fine to naturally be seen by eye. |
| Multi-Angle Light Scattering | nan |
| Multi-Isotope Mass Spectrometry | An analytical technique wherein ions are separated according to their ratio of charge to mass. From the mass spectrum produced, the atomic weight of the particle can be deduced. |
| Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging | The combination of multiple magnetic resonance techniques, including diffusion weighted imaging, dynamic contrast-enhanced imaging, and spectroscopy, to achieve an image that will allow for better identification of tumor size and location, as well as possibly identifying cancer spread and aggressiveness. |
| Multiphoton Microscopy | An imaging technique that uses multiple photons to absorb infrared light, thereby minimizing phototoxicty and photobleaching, making it an ideal method for imaging living specimens, especially those involving deep tissue. |
| Multiplexed Error-Robust Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization | Use of a DNA or RNA probe to detect the presence of complementary sequences in chromosomes, cells, or tissues. (NCI) |
| Multiplexed Immunofluorescence | A method that enables simultaneous detection of multiple biomarkers on a single tissue section using immunofluorescence techniques. |
| Multiplexed Immunohistochemistry | A method that enables simultaneous detection of multiple biomarkers on a single tissue section using immunohistochemistry techniques. |
| Multiplexed Ion Beam Imaging | A method for multiplexed immunohistochemistry that uses secondary ion mass spectrometry to image antibodies tagged with isotopically pure elemental metal reporters. Multiplexed ion beam imaging (MIBI) is capable of analyzing up to 100 targets simultaneously over a five-log dynamic range. This technique enables comprehensive phenotypic profiling and spatial analysis of the tissue microenvironment. |
| Murine Model | nan |
| Nano-hmC-Seal | nan |
| NanoString Digital Spatial Profiling | nan |
| Nanopatterning | nan |
| Nanopore Sequencing | A proprietary next-generation DNA sequencing technology from Oxford Nanopore Technologies that can directly identify and sequence a DNA molecule as it passes through a nanopore, driven by electrophoresis. |
| Nanowire | A nanometer-scale wire consisting of metal atoms, silicon or other materials that conduct electricity. Nanowires are one-dimensional, and exhibit unique electrical and optical properties. They are built atom by atom on a solid surface, often as part of a microfluidic device. In addition, they can be coated with molecules such as antibodies that will bind to proteins for both basic science and clinical applications. |
| Nested PCR | Polymerase chain reaction that uses two sets of primers, in two sequential runs of amplification, with the second set intended to amplify a target within the first run product. |
| Next Generation Sequencing | Technologies that facilitate the rapid determination of the nucleotide sequence of large numbers of strands or segments of DNA or RNA. |
| Nm-seq | A molecular genetic technique that combines chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) with massively parallel DNA sequencing to map the binding sites of DNA-associated proteins in a sample of cells. First, crosslinked protein-DNA complexes are isolated using ChIP. Next, the crosslinks are broken, the proteins are removed and the purified DNA is modified with adaptor oligonucleotides to facilitate massively parallel DNA sequencing. Following sequencing, the DNA sequences that are obtained can be mapped to their genomic locations. |
| Not Applicable | Determination of a value is not relevant in the current context. (NCI) |
| Nuclear Magnetic Resonance | A physical phenomenon involving the interaction of atomic nuclei placed in an external magnetic field with an applied electromagnetic field oscillating at a particular frequency. Magnetic conditions within the material are measured by monitoring the radiation absorbed and emitted by the atomic nuclei. It is the underlying principle of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). |
| Optical Coherence Tomography | Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) combines the principles of ultrasound with the imaging performance of a microscope. OCT uses infrared light waves that reflect off the internal microstructure within the biological tissues. The frequencies and bandwidths of infrared light are orders of magnitude higher than medical ultrasound signals, resulting in greatly increased image resolution, 8-25 times greater than any existing modality. In addition to providing high-level resolutions for the evaluation of microanatomic structures OCT is also able to provide information regarding tissue composition. (NCI) |
| Optical Emission Spectroscopy | The technique of measuring the emission and absorption of different wavelengths (spectra) of visible and non-visible light. This can be done via a spectroscope, which consists of a slit, prism, collimator lens, object lens, and a grating. |
| Optical Mapping | A technique used for constructing the ordered and high-resolution genome or chromosome sized restriction enzyme map of an organism from a single, stained DNA molecule, digested by the restriction enzyme and imaged by an optical microscope. |
| Optical Stretcher | A technique that utilizes light waves to exert minute forces as well as transmit energy to isolate and manipulate nanoparticles. |
| Optical Tweezers | A technique that utilizes light waves to exert minute forces as well as transmit energy to isolate and manipulate nanoparticles. |
| Optogenetic Assay | nan |
| Organoid | A three dimensional mass comprised of a cultured cell or tissue sample that resembles an in vivo tissue or organ. Organoids are grown in vitro from a combination of cells or tissue fragments cultured in medium containing a variety of biochemical factors. |
| PCR | Polymerase chain reaction that uses two sets of primers, in two sequential runs of amplification, with the second set intended to amplify a target within the first run product. |
| PET-CT | nan |
| Paraquat Survival Assay | nan |
| Partial Wave Spectroscopy | The technique of measuring the emission and absorption of different wavelengths (spectra) of visible and non-visible light. This can be done via a spectroscope, which consists of a slit, prism, collimator lens, object lens, and a grating. |
| Patient Derived Xenograft | A mouse model for human cancer studies in which a human-derived tumor sample is transplanted into an immunodeficient mouse. |
| Pending Annotation | nan |
| Permeability Assay | nan |
| Phagocytosis Assay | nan |
| Photoacoustic Imaging | An imaging technique during which non-ionizing pulses are delivered into tissue and the resulting ultrasonic waves are detected and converted into images. |
| Photolithography | nan |
| Plasmid Construction | nan |
| PlateSeq | nan |
| Point Accumulation for Imaging in Nanoscale Topography | nan |
| Positron Emission Tomography | An imaging technique for measuring the gamma radiation produced by collisions of electrons and positrons (anti-electrons) within living tissue. In positron emission tomography (PET), a subject is given a dose of a positron-emitting radionuclide attached to a metabolically active substance. A scanner reveals the tissue location of the metabolically-active substance administered. |
| Precision Run-On Sequencing | nan |
| Proteomics Assay | nan |
| Proximity Ligation Assay | A technique that leverages immunoassay and DNA amplification technology to detect protein-protein interactions with high specificity and sensitivity. A sample is prepared and then exposed to primary antibodies raised in different species recognizing the target epitopes on the proteins of interest. Then, secondary antibodies that are tagged with short oligonucleotides and that target each primary antibody are added. Next, a mixture comprised of a ligase, PCR components and a connector oligonucleotide, which hybridizes to both oligonucleotide tags and can prime rolling DNA circle synthesis, are added and the sample is subjected to real-time PCR to amplify the DNA circles. Rolling circle synthesis and amplification is only possible if the protein epitopes are in close proximity (i.e. in a protein complex). Finally, a labeled complementary nucleotide probe is added to detect and/or visualize the amplified DNA. |
| Pull-Down Assay | nan |
| QFISH | nan |
| Quantitative Multiplex Immunofluorescence | A method that enables simultaneous detection of multiple biomarkers on a single tissue section using immunofluorescence techniques. |
| Quantitative Point Accumulation for Imaging in Nanoscale Topography | nan |
| Questionnaire | A set of questions or items shown to a respondent in order to get answers for research purposes. [PRO Draft Guidance] See also instrument, survey. |
| RAS Protein Family Activation Assay | An in vitro assay that can indirectly detect the activation of small GTPases in the RAS family through the staining of phosphorylated forms of MEK (MAP2K) family proteins (pMEK). A farnesylated RAS family protein is anchored to an in vitro model of the plasma membrane and, under different conditions, is co-incubated with both a RAF family protein, which binds to and is activated by active RAS proteins, and a MEK family protein, which is phosphorylated by active RAF proteins. pMEK is detected using a donor bead coated with anti-MEK antibodies that is capable of oxidizing an acceptor molecule attached to an anti-pMEK antibody. When the donor and acceptor are in close proximity, the acceptor molecule is oxidized and can be visualized using electron microscopy. |
| RIP | nan |
| RIP-Seq | A molecular genetic technique that combines chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) with massively parallel DNA sequencing to map the binding sites of DNA-associated proteins in a sample of cells. First, crosslinked protein-DNA complexes are isolated using ChIP. Next, the crosslinks are broken, the proteins are removed and the purified DNA is modified with adaptor oligonucleotides to facilitate massively parallel DNA sequencing. Following sequencing, the DNA sequences that are obtained can be mapped to their genomic locations. |
| RNA Sequencing | A procedure that can determine the RNA sequences for all or part of the poly-A tail-containing messenger RNA transcripts in an individual. |
| RNAi Screen | nan |
| RT-PCR | Polymerase chain reaction that uses two sets of primers, in two sequential runs of amplification, with the second set intended to amplify a target within the first run product. |
| RT-qPCR | nan |
| Raman Spectroscopy | Emission of electromagnetic energy with a shorter frequency (longer wavelength) than that of the incident monochromatic light. Arises from the low probability absorption of quanta with a higher energy than that required for a transition: the difference in energy is emitted as a lower frequency (energy) photon. Allows analysis of vibrational and rotational energy levels using visible incident light. |
| Reduced Representation Bisulfite Sequencing | A DNA sequencing technique that can differentiate cytosine from 5-methylcytosine in a DNA sample. First, a denatured DNA sample is treated with bisulfite which converts non-methylated cytosine to uracil. Next, the sample is amplified using a PCR method that does not discriminate between non-methylated and methylated sequences. The amplified DNA is subjected to nucleotide sequencing. The resulting sequence is compared to an identical control sample of DNA that was not treated with bisulfite. Unmethylated cytosines will be displayed as cytosines in the control sample and as thymines in the bisulfite-treated sample. |
| Reverse Phase Protein Array | An antibody-based functional proteomic microarray that can characterize basal protein expression and levels of protein modifications in a series of samples of body fluids or those derived from tissue or cellular lysates. |
| Reverse-Phase High-Performance liquid Chromatography | nan |
| Rheometry | nan |
| Ribo-Seq | A molecular genetic technique that combines chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) with massively parallel DNA sequencing to map the binding sites of DNA-associated proteins in a sample of cells. First, crosslinked protein-DNA complexes are isolated using ChIP. Next, the crosslinks are broken, the proteins are removed and the purified DNA is modified with adaptor oligonucleotides to facilitate massively parallel DNA sequencing. Following sequencing, the DNA sequences that are obtained can be mapped to their genomic locations. |
| Ribosomal P Protein Antibody Measurement | The determination of the ribosomal P protein antibody present in a sample. |
| Scanning Angle Interference Microscopy | Technique of electron microscopy in which the specimen is coated with heavy metal and then scanned by an electron beam. The resolution is not as great as with transmission electron microscopy, but preparation is easier (often by fixation followed by critical point drying), the depth of focus is relatively enormous, the surface of a specimen can be seen (though not the interior unless the specimen is cracked open) and the image is aesthetically pleasing. |
| Scanning Electron Microscopy | Technique of electron microscopy in which the specimen is coated with heavy metal and then scanned by an electron beam. The resolution is not as great as with transmission electron microscopy, but preparation is easier (often by fixation followed by critical point drying), the depth of focus is relatively enormous, the surface of a specimen can be seen (though not the interior unless the specimen is cracked open) and the image is aesthetically pleasing. |
| Second-Harmonic Imaging Microscopy | An imaging technique that produces spatially resolved images based on the differences in the excited state decay rates of fluorescent compounds in a sample. |
| Shotgun Mass Spectrometry | An analytical technique wherein ions are separated according to their ratio of charge to mass. From the mass spectrum produced, the atomic weight of the particle can be deduced. |
| Single Cell ATAC-Seq | A molecular genetic technique where DNA is isolated from single cell (sc) samples and amplified to create a genomic library. Then the library is subjected to ATAC-seq, which isolates and sequences regions rich in open chromatin. |
| Single Cell Cytokine Detection Chip Assay | A molecular genetic technique that combines chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) with massively parallel DNA sequencing to map the binding sites of DNA-associated proteins in a sample of cells. First, crosslinked protein-DNA complexes are isolated using ChIP. Next, the crosslinks are broken, the proteins are removed and the purified DNA is modified with adaptor oligonucleotides to facilitate massively parallel DNA sequencing. Following sequencing, the DNA sequences that are obtained can be mapped to their genomic locations. |
| Single Cell DNA Sequencing | The determination of the sequence of purines and pyrimidines in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). |
| Single Cell Gel Electrophoresis | A rapid, simple, visual and sensitive technique for measuring DNA breakage in individual mammalian cells in response to a test agent. A cell is immobilized in agarose and made permeable and the broken DNA migrates out under the influence of the electric field. A damaged cell has the appearance of a comet with a brightly fluorescent cell body and a tail whose length and fluorescence intensity are related to the number of DNA-strand breaks induced by the test agent. |
| Single Cell RNA-Sequencing | nan |
| Single Molecule Forster Resonance Energy Transfer | nan |
| Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Array | A genomic microarray-based method able to detect single nucleotide polymorphisms. |
| Single Nucleus RNA-Sequencing | nan |
| Single-Cell BCR Sequencing | A molecular genetic technique where DNA is isolated from single cell (sc) samples and amplified to create a genomic library. Then the library is subjected to ATAC-seq, which isolates and sequences regions rich in open chromatin. |
| Single-Cell Barcode Chip | A molecular genetic technique that combines chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) with massively parallel DNA sequencing to map the binding sites of DNA-associated proteins in a sample of cells. First, crosslinked protein-DNA complexes are isolated using ChIP. Next, the crosslinks are broken, the proteins are removed and the purified DNA is modified with adaptor oligonucleotides to facilitate massively parallel DNA sequencing. Following sequencing, the DNA sequences that are obtained can be mapped to their genomic locations. |
| Single-Cell TCR Sequencing | A molecular genetic technique where DNA is isolated from single cell (sc) samples and amplified to create a genomic library. Then the library is subjected to ATAC-seq, which isolates and sequences regions rich in open chromatin. |
| Single-Molecule Tracking | nan |
| Sirius Red Staining | nan |
| Size Exclusion Chromatography | Gel permeation or sieve chromatography that is performed on porous gels that separate solutes on the basis of size. Smaller solutes are included within the particles of the gel matrix more frequently than larger solutes, thus affecting elution rates. |
| Small-Angle X-ray Scattering | A technique in crystallography in which the pattern produced by the diffraction of x-rays through the closely spaced lattice of atoms in a crystal is recorded and then analyzed to reveal the nature of that lattice. |
| Soft Agar Assay | Soft agar colony formation assay is performed to assay for anchorage independent growth. |
| Southern Blotting | Electrophoresis-based technique used in genetic testing to detect large deletions in DNA that can be missed by PCR-based genetic testing methods. |
| Spectroscopy | The technique of measuring the emission and absorption of different wavelengths (spectra) of visible and non-visible light. This can be done via a spectroscope, which consists of a slit, prism, collimator lens, object lens, and a grating. |
| Statistical Modeling | The statistical characterization of a system to estimate its future behavior based on past behavior and extrapolation. |
| Stimulated Emission Depletion Microscopy | The use of various technologies to resolve the structure or features of objects too small or fine to naturally be seen by eye. |
| Stimulated Raman Scattering | Emission of electromagnetic energy with a shorter frequency (longer wavelength) than that of the incident monochromatic light. Arises from the low probability absorption of quanta with a higher energy than that required for a transition: the difference in energy is emitted as a lower frequency (energy) photon. Allows analysis of vibrational and rotational energy levels using visible incident light. |
| Stochastic Optical Reconstruction Microscopy | The use of various technologies to resolve the structure or features of objects too small or fine to naturally be seen by eye. |
| Super-Resolution Microscopy | The use of various technologies to resolve the structure or features of objects too small or fine to naturally be seen by eye. |
| Surface Plasmon Resonance | A quantum optical-electrical phenomena consisting of an alteration in light reflectance as a result of binding of molecules to a surface from which total internal reflection is occurring. Used to detect macromolecular interactions, SPR can be used as the basis for a sensor which is capable of sensitive and quantitative measurement of a broad spectrum of chemical and biological entities. |
| Surveyor Nuclease Assay | nan |
| Synaptophysin Staining Method | This is an immunohistochemical technique utilizing antibody to synaptophysin, an integral membrane glycoprotein present in presynaptic vesicles in neurons. The antibody labels neuroendocrine cells and neurons of the brain, spinal cord and retina. Used to detect neuroendocrine neoplasms including neuroblastomas, ganglioneuroblastomas, ganglioneuromas, pheochromocytomas, chromaffin, and non-chromaffin paragangliomas. |
| Synthetic Genetic Array | A molecular biology device that utilizes a set of defined cDNA clones attached in a specific grid arrangement to a solid support for nucleic acid hybridization assays in gene mapping studies or in determining gene sequences, sequence variations, or gene expression patterns. |
| TAB-Seq | A molecular genetic technique that combines chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) with massively parallel DNA sequencing to map the binding sites of DNA-associated proteins in a sample of cells. First, crosslinked protein-DNA complexes are isolated using ChIP. Next, the crosslinks are broken, the proteins are removed and the purified DNA is modified with adaptor oligonucleotides to facilitate massively parallel DNA sequencing. Following sequencing, the DNA sequences that are obtained can be mapped to their genomic locations. |
| TCR Sequencing | A DNA sequencing technique that can differentiate cytosine from 5-methylcytosine in a DNA sample. First, a denatured DNA sample is treated with bisulfite which converts non-methylated cytosine to uracil. Next, the sample is amplified using a PCR method that does not discriminate between non-methylated and methylated sequences. The amplified DNA is subjected to nucleotide sequencing. The resulting sequence is compared to an identical control sample of DNA that was not treated with bisulfite. Unmethylated cytosines will be displayed as cytosines in the control sample and as thymines in the bisulfite-treated sample. |
| TIRF Microscopy | The use of various technologies to resolve the structure or features of objects too small or fine to naturally be seen by eye. |
| TRAP Staining | A staining method used to demonstrate the presence of acid phosphatase and tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) in osteoclasts. |
| TUNEL assay | A method to detect apoptosis. |
| Tandem Mass Spectrometry | Mass spectrometers coupled in series. The targeted compound is selectively ionized, and its characteristic ions are separated from others in the mixture in the first mass spectrometer. The selected primary ions are then decomposed by collision, and from the resulting products the final mass analyzer selects secondary ions characteristic of the targeted compound. Tandem mass spectrometry can achieve specificities and sensitivities equivalent of those of methods such as radioimmunoassay and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, while performing analyses in much shorter times. |
| Tandem Mass Tagging | Mass spectrometers coupled in series. The targeted compound is selectively ionized, and its characteristic ions are separated from others in the mixture in the first mass spectrometer. The selected primary ions are then decomposed by collision, and from the resulting products the final mass analyzer selects secondary ions characteristic of the targeted compound. Tandem mass spectrometry can achieve specificities and sensitivities equivalent of those of methods such as radioimmunoassay and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, while performing analyses in much shorter times. |
| Target Engagement Assay | An assay type that examines the interaction of ligands with their target biomolecules. |
| Targeted Genome Sequencing | A DNA sequencing technique in which selected regions of an individual's genome are sequenced. |
| Targeted Transcriptome Sequencing | An RNA sequencing technique in which selected RNA transcripts of an individual's genome are sequenced. |
| Thermal Shift Assay | A molecular biology technique used to detect the interaction of a DNA binding protein with its cognate binding sequence. Labeled DNAs were reacted with crude cell extracts and the complexes are run through a non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel. The migration of the labeled DNA through the gel will be slower by being bound. This shift in electrophoretic mobility indicates functional binding between the protein and the DNA. |
| Thin-Layer Chromatography | nan |
| Tiling Array | A molecular biology device that utilizes a set of defined cDNA clones attached in a specific grid arrangement to a solid support for nucleic acid hybridization assays in gene mapping studies or in determining gene sequences, sequence variations, or gene expression patterns. |
| Time Lapse Microscopy | The use of various technologies to resolve the structure or features of objects too small or fine to naturally be seen by eye. |
| Time-Correlated Single Photon Counting | nan |
| Tissue Engineering | Application of the principles of bioengineering to combining scaffolds, cells, and biologically active molecules into functional tissues. The goal of tissue engineering is to assemble functional constructs that restore, maintain, or improve damaged tissues or whole organs. |
| Tissue Microarray | A device for use in high-throughput molecular analysis/screening of clinical tissue specimens. Tissue microarrays spatially arrange 500-1000 tumor biopsies or other tissue onto a microarray block, which is then sliced into sections for probing DNA, RNA or protein targets to provide coincident analysis of all specimens in the array. Subsequent sections can be analyzed with additional probes. |
| Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy | The use of a special microscope to see objects that give off fluorescent light. For example, cells or tissue can be treated with a substance that contains a fluorescent dye. The dye lights up when viewed under a microscope with a special light. |
| Traction Force Microscopy | A technique utilizing a scanning probe to image and analyze the surface of a material with atomic-level resolution. |
| Transmission Electron Microscopy | An electron microscopy imaging technique that is utilized to examine structural components of a sample by passing electrons through the specimen. |
| Transwell Assay | nan |
| UPLC-MSMS | nan |
| UV Photocrosslinking | nan |
| Unspecified | Not stated explicitly or in detail. |
| Vibrational Spectroscopy | The technique of measuring the emission and absorption of different wavelengths (spectra) of visible and non-visible light. This can be done via a spectroscope, which consists of a slit, prism, collimator lens, object lens, and a grating. |
| Virus Plaque Assay | An assay that is used to determine viral quantity by infecting monolayers of host cells with serially diluted virus, covering the monolayers with an immobilizing overlay after a period of incubation to restrict the spread of the virus to neighboring cells, and counting the resulting visible plaques of infected cells. |
| Von Kossa Staining | nan |
| Western Blotting | A method for the detection or identification of proteins or peptides that have been separated by gel electrophoresis and transferred onto nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane. The proteins are then detected by reaction with enzymatically labeled or radiolabeled antibody probes. |
| Whole Exome Sequencing | A procedure that can determine the DNA sequence for all of the exons in an individual. |
| Whole Genome Bisulfite Sequencing | A procedure that can determine the DNA sequence for nearly the entire genome of an individual. |
| Whole Genome Sequencing | A procedure that can determine the DNA sequence for nearly the entire genome of an individual. |
| Widefield Fluorescence Microscopy | The use of a special microscope to see objects that give off fluorescent light. For example, cells or tissue can be treated with a substance that contains a fluorescent dye. The dye lights up when viewed under a microscope with a special light. |
| Wound-Healing Assay | nan |
| X-Ray Crystallography | A technique in crystallography in which the pattern produced by the diffraction of x-rays through the closely spaced lattice of atoms in a crystal is recorded and then analyzed to reveal the nature of that lattice. |
| X-Ray Diffraction | A technique in crystallography in which the pattern produced by the diffraction of x-rays through the closely spaced lattice of atoms in a crystal is recorded and then analyzed to reveal the nature of that lattice. |
| X-Ray Micro-Computed Tomography | An imaging technique for examining structures within the body by scanning them with X rays and using a computer to construct a series of cross-sectional scans along a single axis. |
| Xenograft | Cells, tissues, or organs from a donor that are transplanted into a recipient of another species. |
| cDNA Array | A molecular biology device that utilizes a set of defined cDNA clones attached in a specific grid arrangement to a solid support for nucleic acid hybridization assays in gene mapping studies or in determining gene sequences, sequence variations, or gene expression patterns. |
| eCLIP-Seq | A molecular genetic technique that combines chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) with massively parallel DNA sequencing to map the binding sites of DNA-associated proteins in a sample of cells. First, crosslinked protein-DNA complexes are isolated using ChIP. Next, the crosslinks are broken, the proteins are removed and the purified DNA is modified with adaptor oligonucleotides to facilitate massively parallel DNA sequencing. Following sequencing, the DNA sequences that are obtained can be mapped to their genomic locations. |
| mRNA Sequencing | A procedure that can determine the RNA sequences for all or part of the poly-A tail-containing messenger RNA transcripts in an individual. |
| qPCR | An application of PCR that measures the products generated during each cycle of the polymerase chain reaction process in order to determine the starting amount of template in the reaction. |
| scCGI-seq | A molecular genetic technique that combines chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) with massively parallel DNA sequencing to map the binding sites of DNA-associated proteins in a sample of cells. First, crosslinked protein-DNA complexes are isolated using ChIP. Next, the crosslinks are broken, the proteins are removed and the purified DNA is modified with adaptor oligonucleotides to facilitate massively parallel DNA sequencing. Following sequencing, the DNA sequences that are obtained can be mapped to their genomic locations. |
| scNT-Seq | A molecular genetic technique that combines chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) with massively parallel DNA sequencing to map the binding sites of DNA-associated proteins in a sample of cells. First, crosslinked protein-DNA complexes are isolated using ChIP. Next, the crosslinks are broken, the proteins are removed and the purified DNA is modified with adaptor oligonucleotides to facilitate massively parallel DNA sequencing. Following sequencing, the DNA sequences that are obtained can be mapped to their genomic locations. |
| scSLAM-seq | A molecular genetic technique that combines chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) with massively parallel DNA sequencing to map the binding sites of DNA-associated proteins in a sample of cells. First, crosslinked protein-DNA complexes are isolated using ChIP. Next, the crosslinks are broken, the proteins are removed and the purified DNA is modified with adaptor oligonucleotides to facilitate massively parallel DNA sequencing. Following sequencing, the DNA sequences that are obtained can be mapped to their genomic locations. |
| seqFISH | nan |
| shRNA | An artificial RNA molecule with a tight hairpin turn that can be used to silence target gene expression via RNA interference (RNAi). |
| siRNA | A 20 to 25-nucleotide double-stranded RNA which is involved in a sequence-specific messenger RNA degradation process known as RNA interference. |
| smFISH | nan |
| smRNA-seq | A molecular genetic technique that combines chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) with massively parallel DNA sequencing to map the binding sites of DNA-associated proteins in a sample of cells. First, crosslinked protein-DNA complexes are isolated using ChIP. Next, the crosslinks are broken, the proteins are removed and the purified DNA is modified with adaptor oligonucleotides to facilitate massively parallel DNA sequencing. Following sequencing, the DNA sequences that are obtained can be mapped to their genomic locations. |
| snRNA-seq | A molecular genetic technique that combines chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) with massively parallel DNA sequencing to map the binding sites of DNA-associated proteins in a sample of cells. First, crosslinked protein-DNA complexes are isolated using ChIP. Next, the crosslinks are broken, the proteins are removed and the purified DNA is modified with adaptor oligonucleotides to facilitate massively parallel DNA sequencing. Following sequencing, the DNA sequences that are obtained can be mapped to their genomic locations. |
| Isothermal Titration Calorimetry | The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) at constant temperature during a titration. |
| Suspended Microchannel Resonator | Particles are weighed in real-time with the suspended microchannel resonator (SMR) as they flow through a hollow cantilever. In addition to weighing particles with femtogram precision, the SMR can also measure mass density with a resolution of 10-4 g/mL. This is possible since the microchannel resonant frequency is determined by the difference in mass of the particle with respect to that of the displaced fluid. Thus, the particle's density is determined by measuring its mass in two fluids of different densities. The SMR can measure the growth of single cells as well as the absorption of biomolecules to microchannel walls. Scaling the current SMR design by ten-fold will result in a thousand-fold improvement in mass resolution (attogram) and thereby enable single viruses to be weighed with high precision. |
| 10x Multiome | nan |
| Visium Spatial Gene Expression | nan |
| Antitumor Drug Screening Assay | nan |
| Bioelectrochemical Analysis | nan |
| Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy | nan |
| Cell Cycle Assay | nan |
| Clonality Analysis | nan |
| Comparative Genomic Hybridization | nan |
| Cryo-Electron Microscopy | nan |
| Cryo-Electron Tomography | nan |
| Data Integration | nan |
| Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy | nan |
| Label-free Protein Quantification by LC/MS | nan |
| Metabolite Profiling Assay | nan |
| Reporter Gene Assay | nan |
| Single-Molecule Localization Microscopy | nan |
| Synthesis | nan |
| Targeted Therapy Agent | nan |
| Trichrome Staining Method | nan |
| Ultrasound Imaging | nan |
| Transcription profiling by NanoString | nan |
| Alcian Blue Staining Method | nan |
| Artificial Intelligence | nan |
| Cell Culture | nan |
| Clinical Study | nan |
| Cell-free Circulating Tumor DNA Assay | nan |
| Co-Immunoprecipitation Mass Spectrometry | nan |
| Deep Learning | nan |
| Fluorescent In Situ Sequencing | nan |
| Gene Ontology Enrichment Analysis | nan |
| Gene Set Enrichment Analysis | nan |
| Gene Silencing | nan |
| Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Cardiomyocytes Culture | nan |
| Imaging Mass Cytometry | nan |
| Immunofluorescent Staining Method | nan |
| Immunotherapy | nan |
| Viral Transduction | nan |
| Metastatic Colonization Assay | nan |
| Phylogenetic Analysis | nan |
| Picrosirius Staining | nan |
| Scratch Assay | nan |
| Structural Variant Analysis | nan |
| Survival Analysis | nan |
| Targeted Error Correction Sequencing | nan |
| Tuba-Seq | Tumor barcoding with ultradeep barcode sequencing |
| SDS-PAGE | nan |
| Cell Fractionation | nan |
| Multiscale Light Sheet Microscopy | nan |
| Light Sheet Microscopy | nan |