Shared

Attribute: Data Use Codes

Valid Value	Description	Ontology
Pending Annotation	Data Use Codes have not yet been provided or documented for this resource.	Not available
DUO:0000042	This data use permission indicates that use is allowed for general research use for any research purpose.	DUO:0000042
DUO:0000027	This data use modifier indicates that use is limited to use within an approved project.	DUO:0000027
DUO:0000016	This data use modifier indicates that use is limited to genetic studies only (i.e., studies that include genotype research alone or both genotype and phenotype research, but not phenotype research exclusively)	DUO:0000016
DUO:0000029	This data use modifier indicates that the requestor must return derived/enriched data to the database/resource.	DUO:0000029
DUO:0000043	This data use modifier indicates that use is allowed for clinical use and care.	DUO:0000043
DUO:0000015	This data use modifier indicates that use does not allow methods development research (e.g., development of software or algorithms).	DUO:0000015
DUO:0000004	This data use permission indicates there is no restriction on use.	DUO:0000004
DUO:0000045	This data use modifier indicates that use of the data is limited to not-for-profit organizations.	DUO:0000045
DUO:0000017	Data use modifiers indicate additional conditions for use.	DUO:0000017
DUO:0000011	This data use permission indicates that use of the data is limited to the study of population origins or ancestry.	DUO:0000011
DUO:0000046	This data use modifier indicates that use of the data is limited to not-for-profit use.	DUO:0000046
DUO:0000018	This data use modifier indicates that use of the data is limited to not-for-profit organizations and not-for-profit use, non-commercial use.	DUO:0000018
DUO:0000044	This data use modifier indicates use for purposes of population, origin, or ancestry research is prohibited.	DUO:0000044
DUO:0000021	This data use modifier indicates that the requestor must provide documentation of local IRB/ERB approval.	DUO:0000021
DUO:0000006	This data use permission indicates that use is allowed for health/medical/biomedical purposes; does not include the study of population origins or ancestry.	DUO:0000006
DUO:0000019	This data use modifier indicates that requestor agrees to make results of studies using the data available to the larger scientific community.	DUO:0000019
DUO:0000026	This data use modifier indicates that use is limited to use by approved users. If providing this term, please describe the restrictions in column userSpecificRestriction.	DUO:0000026
DUO:0000020	This data use modifier indicates that the requestor must agree to collaboration with the primary study investigator(s). If providing this term, please note the contact email in column collaborationRequired.	DUO:0000020
DUO:0000012	This data use modifier indicates that use is limited to studies of a certain research type. If providing this term, please note the research type(s) in column researchSpecificRestrictions.	DUO:0000012
DUO:0000025	This data use modifier indicates that use is approved for a specific number of months. If providing this term, please provide the number of months in column timeLimitOnUse.	DUO:0000025
DUO:0000024	This data use modifier indicates that requestor agrees not to publish results of studies until a specific date. If providing this term, please provide the date in column publicationMoratorium.	DUO:0000024
DUO:0000028	This data use modifier indicates that use is limited to use within an approved institution. If providing this term, please provide the institution ROR ID(s) in column institutionSpecificRestriction.	DUO:0000028
DUO:0000022	This data use modifier indicates that use is limited to within a specific geographic region. If providing this term, please provide the applicable country code(s) in column geographicalRestriction.	DUO:0000022
DUO:0000007	This data use permission indicates that use is allowed provided it is related to the specified disease. If providing this term, please provide the disease MONDO ID(s) in column diseaseSpecificResearch.	DUO:0000007
DUOPlus1	Source geography is relevant to governance decisions. If providing this term, please provide the applicable country code(s) in column sourceGeography	Not available
DUOPlus2	Study population is relevant to governance decisions. If providing this term, please provide the applicable population type(s) in column populationType.	Not available
DUOPlus3	Data deidentification is relevant to governance decisions. If providing this term, please provide the applicable deidentification type(s) in column deidentificationType.	Not available
DUOPlus4	A data permission designation is associated with the Study. If providing this term, please provide the applicable permission type(s) in column dataPermission.	Not available
DUOPlus5	A data tier designation is associated with the Study. If providing this term, please provide the applicable data tier designation(s) in column dataTier.	Not available
DUOPlus6	A license is associated with the Study. If providing this term, please provide the applicable license in column license.	Not available
DUOPlus7	Attribution conditions are associated with this Study. If providing this term, please provide the attribution statement in column attribution.	Not available

Attribute: dataUseModifiers

Valid Value	Description	Ontology
Pending Annotation	Data Use Codes have not yet been provided or documented for this resource.	Not available
DUO:0000042	This data use permission indicates that use is allowed for general research use for any research purpose.	DUO:0000042
DUO:0000027	This data use modifier indicates that use is limited to use within an approved project.	DUO:0000027
DUO:0000016	This data use modifier indicates that use is limited to genetic studies only (i.e., studies that include genotype research alone or both genotype and phenotype research, but not phenotype research exclusively)	DUO:0000016
DUO:0000029	This data use modifier indicates that the requestor must return derived/enriched data to the database/resource.	DUO:0000029
DUO:0000043	This data use modifier indicates that use is allowed for clinical use and care.	DUO:0000043
DUO:0000015	This data use modifier indicates that use does not allow methods development research (e.g., development of software or algorithms).	DUO:0000015
DUO:0000004	This data use permission indicates there is no restriction on use.	DUO:0000004
DUO:0000045	This data use modifier indicates that use of the data is limited to not-for-profit organizations.	DUO:0000045
DUO:0000017	Data use modifiers indicate additional conditions for use.	DUO:0000017
DUO:0000011	This data use permission indicates that use of the data is limited to the study of population origins or ancestry.	DUO:0000011
DUO:0000046	This data use modifier indicates that use of the data is limited to not-for-profit use.	DUO:0000046
DUO:0000018	This data use modifier indicates that use of the data is limited to not-for-profit organizations and not-for-profit use, non-commercial use.	DUO:0000018
DUO:0000044	This data use modifier indicates use for purposes of population, origin, or ancestry research is prohibited.	DUO:0000044
DUO:0000021	This data use modifier indicates that the requestor must provide documentation of local IRB/ERB approval.	DUO:0000021
DUO:0000006	This data use permission indicates that use is allowed for health/medical/biomedical purposes; does not include the study of population origins or ancestry.	DUO:0000006
DUO:0000019	This data use modifier indicates that requestor agrees to make results of studies using the data available to the larger scientific community.	DUO:0000019
DUO:0000026	This data use modifier indicates that use is limited to use by approved users. If providing this term, please describe the restrictions in column userSpecificRestriction.	DUO:0000026
DUO:0000020	This data use modifier indicates that the requestor must agree to collaboration with the primary study investigator(s). If providing this term, please note the contact email in column collaborationRequired.	DUO:0000020
DUO:0000012	This data use modifier indicates that use is limited to studies of a certain research type. If providing this term, please note the research type(s) in column researchSpecificRestrictions.	DUO:0000012
DUO:0000025	This data use modifier indicates that use is approved for a specific number of months. If providing this term, please provide the number of months in column timeLimitOnUse.	DUO:0000025
DUO:0000024	This data use modifier indicates that requestor agrees not to publish results of studies until a specific date. If providing this term, please provide the date in column publicationMoratorium.	DUO:0000024
DUO:0000028	This data use modifier indicates that use is limited to use within an approved institution. If providing this term, please provide the institution ROR ID(s) in column institutionSpecificRestriction.	DUO:0000028
DUO:0000022	This data use modifier indicates that use is limited to within a specific geographic region. If providing this term, please provide the applicable country code(s) in column geographicalRestriction.	DUO:0000022
DUO:0000007	This data use permission indicates that use is allowed provided it is related to the specified disease. If providing this term, please provide the disease MONDO ID(s) in column diseaseSpecificResearch.	DUO:0000007
DUOPlus1	Source geography is relevant to governance decisions. If providing this term, please provide the applicable country code(s) in column sourceGeography	Not available
DUOPlus2	Study population is relevant to governance decisions. If providing this term, please provide the applicable population type(s) in column populationType.	Not available
DUOPlus3	Data deidentification is relevant to governance decisions. If providing this term, please provide the applicable deidentification type(s) in column deidentificationType.	Not available
DUOPlus4	A data permission designation is associated with the Study. If providing this term, please provide the applicable permission type(s) in column dataPermission.	Not available
DUOPlus5	A data tier designation is associated with the Study. If providing this term, please provide the applicable data tier designation(s) in column dataTier.	Not available
DUOPlus6	A license is associated with the Study. If providing this term, please provide the applicable license in column license.	Not available
DUOPlus7	Attribution conditions are associated with this Study. If providing this term, please provide the attribution statement in column attribution.	Not available

Attribute: File Assay Category

Valid Value	Description	Ontology
DNA Sequencing	The determination of the sequence of purines and pyrimidines in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).	NCIT:C153598
Immunofluorescence	A microscopy staining method that utilizes immunofluorescent markers for use with histological applications of preserved cells.	NCIT:C142337
LC-MS/MS	An analytical technique wherein liquid chromatography is coupled to tandem mass spectrometry in order to separate, identify, and quantify substances in a sample.	NCIT:C122168
Methylation Analysis	An analysis of DNA or protein to detect the presence and/or location of methyl groups.	NCIT:C190764
Multigene Expression Assay	An assay that can simultaneously analyze the expression of multiple genes or genetic loci of interest.	NCIT:C210244
Pathology	The medical science, and specialty practice, concerned with all aspects of disease, with special reference to the essential nature, causes, and development of abnormal conditions.	NCIT:C18189
Quantitative Immunofluorescence	Immunofluorescence techniques that allow for objective, continuous-scale measurement of a target molecule.	NCIT:C221816
Radiology	The branch of medical science dealing with the medical use of X-rays or other penetrating radiation.	NCIT:C17059
RNA Sequencing	A procedure that can determine the RNA sequences for all or part of the poly-A tail-containing messenger RNA transcripts in an individual.	NCIT:C124261

Attribute: geographicalRestriction

Valid Value	Description	Ontology
AD	Andorra	Not available
AE	United Arab Emirates (the)	Not available
AF	Afghanistan	Not available
AG	Antigua and Barbuda	Not available
AI	Anguilla	Not available
AL	Albania	Not available
AM	Armenia	Not available
AO	Angola	Not available
AQ	Antarctica	Not available
AR	Argentina	Not available
AS	American Samoa	Not available
AT	Austria	Not available
AU	Australia	Not available
AW	Aruba	Not available
AX	Åland Islands	Not available
AZ	Azerbaijan	Not available
BA	Bosnia and Herzegovina	Not available
BB	Barbados	Not available
BD	Bangladesh	Not available
BE	Belgium	Not available
BF	Burkina Faso	Not available
BG	Bulgaria	Not available
BH	Bahrain	Not available
BI	Burundi	Not available
BJ	Benin	Not available
BL	Saint Barthélemy	Not available
BM	Bermuda	Not available
BN	Brunei Darussalam	Not available
BO	Bolivia (Plurinational State of)	Not available
BQ	Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba	Not available
BR	Brazil	Not available
BS	Bahamas (the)	Not available
BT	Bhutan	Not available
BV	Bouvet Island	Not available
BW	Botswana	Not available
BY	Belarus	Not available
BZ	Belize	Not available
CA	Canada	Not available
CC	Cocos (Keeling) Islands (the)	Not available
CD	Congo (the Democratic Republic of the)	Not available
CF	Central African Republic (the)	Not available
CG	Congo (the)	Not available
CH	Switzerland	Not available
CI	Côte d'Ivoire	Not available
CK	Cook Islands (the)	Not available
CL	Chile	Not available
CM	Cameroon	Not available
CN	China	Not available
CO	Colombia	Not available
CR	Costa Rica	Not available
CU	Cuba	Not available
CV	Cabo Verde	Not available
CW	Curaçao	Not available
CX	Christmas Island	Not available
CY	Cyprus	Not available
CZ	Czechia	Not available
DE	Germany	Not available
DJ	Djibouti	Not available
DK	Denmark	Not available
DM	Dominica	Not available
DO	Dominican Republic (the)	Not available
DZ	Algeria	Not available
EC	Ecuador	Not available
EE	Estonia	Not available
EG	Egypt	Not available
EH	Western Sahara*	Not available
ER	Eritrea	Not available
ES	Spain	Not available
ET	Ethiopia	Not available
FI	Finland	Not available
FJ	Fiji	Not available
FK	Falkland Islands (the) [Malvinas]	Not available
FM	Micronesia (Federated States of)	Not available
FO	Faroe Islands (the)	Not available
FR	France	Not available
GA	Gabon	Not available
GB	United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (the)	Not available
GD	Grenada	Not available
GE	Georgia	Not available
GF	French Guiana	Not available
GG	Guernsey	Not available
GH	Ghana	Not available
GI	Gibraltar	Not available
GL	Greenland	Not available
GM	Gambia (the)	Not available
GN	Guinea	Not available
GP	Guadeloupe	Not available
GQ	Equatorial Guinea	Not available
GR	Greece	Not available
GS	South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands	Not available
GT	Guatemala	Not available
GU	Guam	Not available
GW	Guinea-Bissau	Not available
GY	Guyana	Not available
HK	Hong Kong	Not available
HM	Heard Island and McDonald Islands	Not available
HN	Honduras	Not available
HR	Croatia	Not available
HT	Haiti	Not available
HU	Hungary	Not available
ID	Indonesia	Not available
IE	Ireland	Not available
IL	Israel	Not available
IM	Isle of Man	Not available
IN	India	Not available
IO	British Indian Ocean Territory (the)	Not available
IQ	Iraq	Not available
IR	Iran (Islamic Republic of)	Not available
IS	Iceland	Not available
IT	Italy	Not available
JE	Jersey	Not available
JM	Jamaica	Not available
JO	Jordan	Not available
JP	Japan	Not available
KE	Kenya	Not available
KG	Kyrgyzstan	Not available
KH	Cambodia	Not available
KI	Kiribati	Not available
KM	Comoros (the)	Not available
KN	Saint Kitts and Nevis	Not available
KP	Korea (the Democratic People's Republic of)	Not available
KR	Korea (the Republic of)	Not available
KW	Kuwait	Not available
KY	Cayman Islands (the)	Not available
KZ	Kazakhstan	Not available
LA	Lao People's Democratic Republic (the)	Not available
LB	Lebanon	Not available
LC	Saint Lucia	Not available
LI	Liechtenstein	Not available
LK	Sri Lanka	Not available
LR	Liberia	Not available
LS	Lesotho	Not available
LT	Lithuania	Not available
LU	Luxembourg	Not available
LV	Latvia	Not available
LY	Libya	Not available
MA	Morocco	Not available
MC	Monaco	Not available
MD	Moldova (the Republic of)	Not available
ME	Montenegro	Not available
MF	Saint Martin (French part)	Not available
MG	Madagascar	Not available
MH	Marshall Islands (the)	Not available
MK	North Macedonia	Not available
ML	Mali	Not available
MM	Myanmar	Not available
MN	Mongolia	Not available
MO	Macao	Not available
MP	Northern Mariana Islands (the)	Not available
MQ	Martinique	Not available
MR	Mauritania	Not available
MS	Montserrat	Not available
MT	Malta	Not available
MU	Mauritius	Not available
MV	Maldives	Not available
MW	Malawi	Not available
MX	Mexico	Not available
MY	Malaysia	Not available
MZ	Mozambique	Not available
NA	Namibia	Not available
NC	New Caledonia	Not available
NE	Niger (the)	Not available
NF	Norfolk Island	Not available
NG	Nigeria	Not available
NI	Nicaragua	Not available
NL	Netherlands (Kingdom of the)	Not available
NO	Norway	Not available
NP	Nepal	Not available
NR	Nauru	Not available
NU	Niue	Not available
NZ	New Zealand	Not available
OM	Oman	Not available
PA	Panama	Not available
PE	Peru	Not available
PF	French Polynesia	Not available
PG	Papua New Guinea	Not available
PH	Philippines (the)	Not available
PK	Pakistan	Not available
PL	Poland	Not available
PM	Saint Pierre and Miquelon	Not available
PN	Pitcairn	Not available
PR	Puerto Rico	Not available
PS	Palestine, State of	Not available
PT	Portugal	Not available
PW	Palau	Not available
PY	Paraguay	Not available
QA	Qatar	Not available
RE	Réunion	Not available
RO	Romania	Not available
RS	Serbia	Not available
RU	Russian Federation (the)	Not available
RW	Rwanda	Not available
SA	Saudi Arabia	Not available
SB	Solomon Islands	Not available
SC	Seychelles	Not available
SD	Sudan (the)	Not available
SE	Sweden	Not available
SG	Singapore	Not available
SH	Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha	Not available
SI	Slovenia	Not available
SJ	Svalbard and Jan Mayen	Not available
SK	Slovakia	Not available
SL	Sierra Leone	Not available
SM	San Marino	Not available
SN	Senegal	Not available
SO	Somalia	Not available
SR	Suriname	Not available
SS	South Sudan	Not available
ST	Sao Tome and Principe	Not available
SV	El Salvador	Not available
SX	Sint Maarten (Dutch part)	Not available
SY	Syrian Arab Republic (the)	Not available
SZ	Eswatini	Not available
TC	Turks and Caicos Islands (the)	Not available
TD	Chad	Not available
TF	French Southern Territories (the)	Not available
TG	Togo	Not available
TH	Thailand	Not available
TJ	Tajikistan	Not available
TK	Tokelau	Not available
TL	Timor-Leste	Not available
TM	Turkmenistan	Not available
TN	Tunisia	Not available
TO	Tonga	Not available
TR	Türkiye	Not available
TT	Trinidad and Tobago	Not available
TV	Tuvalu	Not available
TW	Taiwan (Province of China)	Not available
TZ	Tanzania, the United Republic of	Not available
UA	Ukraine	Not available
UG	Uganda	Not available
UM	United States Minor Outlying Islands (the)	Not available
US	United States of America (the)	Not available
UY	Uruguay	Not available
UZ	Uzbekistan	Not available
VA	Holy See (the)	Not available
VC	Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	Not available
VE	Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)	Not available
VG	Virgin Islands (British)	Not available
VI	Virgin Islands (U.S.)	Not available
VN	Viet Nam	Not available
VU	Vanuatu	Not available
WF	Wallis and Futuna	Not available
WS	Samoa	Not available
YE	Yemen	Not available
YT	Mayotte	Not available
ZA	South Africa	Not available
ZM	Zambia	Not available
ZW	Zimbabwe	Not available

Attribute: sourceGeography

Valid Value	Description	Ontology
AD	Andorra	Not available
AE	United Arab Emirates (the)	Not available
AF	Afghanistan	Not available
AG	Antigua and Barbuda	Not available
AI	Anguilla	Not available
AL	Albania	Not available
AM	Armenia	Not available
AO	Angola	Not available
AQ	Antarctica	Not available
AR	Argentina	Not available
AS	American Samoa	Not available
AT	Austria	Not available
AU	Australia	Not available
AW	Aruba	Not available
AX	Åland Islands	Not available
AZ	Azerbaijan	Not available
BA	Bosnia and Herzegovina	Not available
BB	Barbados	Not available
BD	Bangladesh	Not available
BE	Belgium	Not available
BF	Burkina Faso	Not available
BG	Bulgaria	Not available
BH	Bahrain	Not available
BI	Burundi	Not available
BJ	Benin	Not available
BL	Saint Barthélemy	Not available
BM	Bermuda	Not available
BN	Brunei Darussalam	Not available
BO	Bolivia (Plurinational State of)	Not available
BQ	Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba	Not available
BR	Brazil	Not available
BS	Bahamas (the)	Not available
BT	Bhutan	Not available
BV	Bouvet Island	Not available
BW	Botswana	Not available
BY	Belarus	Not available
BZ	Belize	Not available
CA	Canada	Not available
CC	Cocos (Keeling) Islands (the)	Not available
CD	Congo (the Democratic Republic of the)	Not available
CF	Central African Republic (the)	Not available
CG	Congo (the)	Not available
CH	Switzerland	Not available
CI	Côte d'Ivoire	Not available
CK	Cook Islands (the)	Not available
CL	Chile	Not available
CM	Cameroon	Not available
CN	China	Not available
CO	Colombia	Not available
CR	Costa Rica	Not available
CU	Cuba	Not available
CV	Cabo Verde	Not available
CW	Curaçao	Not available
CX	Christmas Island	Not available
CY	Cyprus	Not available
CZ	Czechia	Not available
DE	Germany	Not available
DJ	Djibouti	Not available
DK	Denmark	Not available
DM	Dominica	Not available
DO	Dominican Republic (the)	Not available
DZ	Algeria	Not available
EC	Ecuador	Not available
EE	Estonia	Not available
EG	Egypt	Not available
EH	Western Sahara*	Not available
ER	Eritrea	Not available
ES	Spain	Not available
ET	Ethiopia	Not available
FI	Finland	Not available
FJ	Fiji	Not available
FK	Falkland Islands (the) [Malvinas]	Not available
FM	Micronesia (Federated States of)	Not available
FO	Faroe Islands (the)	Not available
FR	France	Not available
GA	Gabon	Not available
GB	United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (the)	Not available
GD	Grenada	Not available
GE	Georgia	Not available
GF	French Guiana	Not available
GG	Guernsey	Not available
GH	Ghana	Not available
GI	Gibraltar	Not available
GL	Greenland	Not available
GM	Gambia (the)	Not available
GN	Guinea	Not available
GP	Guadeloupe	Not available
GQ	Equatorial Guinea	Not available
GR	Greece	Not available
GS	South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands	Not available
GT	Guatemala	Not available
GU	Guam	Not available
GW	Guinea-Bissau	Not available
GY	Guyana	Not available
HK	Hong Kong	Not available
HM	Heard Island and McDonald Islands	Not available
HN	Honduras	Not available
HR	Croatia	Not available
HT	Haiti	Not available
HU	Hungary	Not available
ID	Indonesia	Not available
IE	Ireland	Not available
IL	Israel	Not available
IM	Isle of Man	Not available
IN	India	Not available
IO	British Indian Ocean Territory (the)	Not available
IQ	Iraq	Not available
IR	Iran (Islamic Republic of)	Not available
IS	Iceland	Not available
IT	Italy	Not available
JE	Jersey	Not available
JM	Jamaica	Not available
JO	Jordan	Not available
JP	Japan	Not available
KE	Kenya	Not available
KG	Kyrgyzstan	Not available
KH	Cambodia	Not available
KI	Kiribati	Not available
KM	Comoros (the)	Not available
KN	Saint Kitts and Nevis	Not available
KP	Korea (the Democratic People's Republic of)	Not available
KR	Korea (the Republic of)	Not available
KW	Kuwait	Not available
KY	Cayman Islands (the)	Not available
KZ	Kazakhstan	Not available
LA	Lao People's Democratic Republic (the)	Not available
LB	Lebanon	Not available
LC	Saint Lucia	Not available
LI	Liechtenstein	Not available
LK	Sri Lanka	Not available
LR	Liberia	Not available
LS	Lesotho	Not available
LT	Lithuania	Not available
LU	Luxembourg	Not available
LV	Latvia	Not available
LY	Libya	Not available
MA	Morocco	Not available
MC	Monaco	Not available
MD	Moldova (the Republic of)	Not available
ME	Montenegro	Not available
MF	Saint Martin (French part)	Not available
MG	Madagascar	Not available
MH	Marshall Islands (the)	Not available
MK	North Macedonia	Not available
ML	Mali	Not available
MM	Myanmar	Not available
MN	Mongolia	Not available
MO	Macao	Not available
MP	Northern Mariana Islands (the)	Not available
MQ	Martinique	Not available
MR	Mauritania	Not available
MS	Montserrat	Not available
MT	Malta	Not available
MU	Mauritius	Not available
MV	Maldives	Not available
MW	Malawi	Not available
MX	Mexico	Not available
MY	Malaysia	Not available
MZ	Mozambique	Not available
NA	Namibia	Not available
NC	New Caledonia	Not available
NE	Niger (the)	Not available
NF	Norfolk Island	Not available
NG	Nigeria	Not available
NI	Nicaragua	Not available
NL	Netherlands (Kingdom of the)	Not available
NO	Norway	Not available
NP	Nepal	Not available
NR	Nauru	Not available
NU	Niue	Not available
NZ	New Zealand	Not available
OM	Oman	Not available
PA	Panama	Not available
PE	Peru	Not available
PF	French Polynesia	Not available
PG	Papua New Guinea	Not available
PH	Philippines (the)	Not available
PK	Pakistan	Not available
PL	Poland	Not available
PM	Saint Pierre and Miquelon	Not available
PN	Pitcairn	Not available
PR	Puerto Rico	Not available
PS	Palestine, State of	Not available
PT	Portugal	Not available
PW	Palau	Not available
PY	Paraguay	Not available
QA	Qatar	Not available
RE	Réunion	Not available
RO	Romania	Not available
RS	Serbia	Not available
RU	Russian Federation (the)	Not available
RW	Rwanda	Not available
SA	Saudi Arabia	Not available
SB	Solomon Islands	Not available
SC	Seychelles	Not available
SD	Sudan (the)	Not available
SE	Sweden	Not available
SG	Singapore	Not available
SH	Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha	Not available
SI	Slovenia	Not available
SJ	Svalbard and Jan Mayen	Not available
SK	Slovakia	Not available
SL	Sierra Leone	Not available
SM	San Marino	Not available
SN	Senegal	Not available
SO	Somalia	Not available
SR	Suriname	Not available
SS	South Sudan	Not available
ST	Sao Tome and Principe	Not available
SV	El Salvador	Not available
SX	Sint Maarten (Dutch part)	Not available
SY	Syrian Arab Republic (the)	Not available
SZ	Eswatini	Not available
TC	Turks and Caicos Islands (the)	Not available
TD	Chad	Not available
TF	French Southern Territories (the)	Not available
TG	Togo	Not available
TH	Thailand	Not available
TJ	Tajikistan	Not available
TK	Tokelau	Not available
TL	Timor-Leste	Not available
TM	Turkmenistan	Not available
TN	Tunisia	Not available
TO	Tonga	Not available
TR	Türkiye	Not available
TT	Trinidad and Tobago	Not available
TV	Tuvalu	Not available
TW	Taiwan (Province of China)	Not available
TZ	Tanzania, the United Republic of	Not available
UA	Ukraine	Not available
UG	Uganda	Not available
UM	United States Minor Outlying Islands (the)	Not available
US	United States of America (the)	Not available
UY	Uruguay	Not available
UZ	Uzbekistan	Not available
VA	Holy See (the)	Not available
VC	Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	Not available
VE	Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)	Not available
VG	Virgin Islands (British)	Not available
VI	Virgin Islands (U.S.)	Not available
VN	Viet Nam	Not available
VU	Vanuatu	Not available
WF	Wallis and Futuna	Not available
WS	Samoa	Not available
YE	Yemen	Not available
YT	Mayotte	Not available
ZA	South Africa	Not available
ZM	Zambia	Not available
ZW	Zimbabwe	Not available

Attribute: deidentificationType

Valid Value	Description	Ontology
Manual	Of or related to the hands; reference to a method, process, task, or activity being done by hand (as opposed as being performed with the assistance of automation or other supportive means).	NCIT:C63513
Semiautomatic	Of or related to a method or process performed using a combination of manual and automatic means.	NCIT:C172484
Automatic	Operating with minimal human intervention; independent of external control.	NCIT:C70669
Not Applicable	Determination of a value is not relevant in the current context.	NCIT:C48660

Attribute: dataPermission

Valid Value	Description	Ontology
Agreement	Access or use of the data is governed by a signed data use agreement between the requester and the data provider.	Not available
Attestation	Access or use of the data requires the requester to attest to certain conditions of use (e.g., intended purpose, compliance with policies).	Not available
Award	Access or use of the data is granted as part of a formal award or allocation process (e.g., a data access committee approval).	Not available
Other	A data permission mechanism not covered by any of the other listed values.	Not available

Attribute: dataTier

Valid Value	Description	Ontology
Anonymous	Data can be viewed and downloaded anonymously by anyone on the internet.	Not available
Open	Users must have a Synapse account to download data.	Not available
Controlled	Users must have a Synapse account and satisfy access conditions to download data.	Not available
Private	Users must be provided access to data in Synapse by a project administrator.	Not available

Attribute: Sex

Valid Value	Description	Ontology
Female	An individual who belongs to the sex that normally produces ova.	NCIT:C16576
Male	An individual who belongs to the sex that normally produces sperm.	NCIT:C20197
Unknown	Not known, observed, recorded, or reported as unknown by the data contributor.	NCIT:C17998

Attribute: Tumor Grade

Valid Value	Description	Ontology
GB Borderline	A morphologic qualifier indicating that a neoplasm is of borderline malignancy.	NCIT:C113729
GX Grade Cannot Be Assessed	A morphologic qualifier indicating that the grade of a neoplasm cannot be assessed.	NCIT:C113730
Not Applicable	Determination of a value is not relevant in the current context.	NCIT:C48660
Not Reported	Not provided or available.	NCIT:C43234
Unknown	Not known, observed, recorded, or reported as unknown by the data contributor.	NCIT:C17998
G3 High Grade	A morphologic qualifier indicating that a cancerous lesion is poorly differentiated (Grade 3).	NCIT:C28079
G2 Intermediate Grade	A morphologic qualifier indicating that a cancerous lesion is moderately differentiated (Grade 2).	NCIT:C28078
G1 Low Grade	A morphologic qualifier indicating that a cancerous lesion is well differentiated (Grade 1).	NCIT:C28077
G4 Anaplastic	A morphologic qualifier indicating that a cancerous lesion is undifferentiated (Grade 4).	NCIT:C28082

Attribute: Last Known Disease Status

Valid Value	Description	Ontology
Biochemical evidence of disease without structural correlate	An indication that biochemical markers of a disease are present but morphological markers are absent.	NCIT:C165197
Tumor Free	There is no evidence of a tumor in the individual.	NCIT:C156848
Unknown	Not known, observed, recorded, or reported as unknown by the data contributor.	NCIT:C17998
With Tumor	There is evidence of a tumor in an individual.	NCIT:C156849
Not Reported	Not provided or available.	NCIT:C43234
Not Applicable	Determination of a value is not relevant in the current context.	NCIT:C48660
Not Allowed To Collect	An indication that specifies that a collection event was not permitted.	NCIT:C141478
Distant Metastasis	The presence of cancer cells that have spread from the primary tumor site and been detected at a distal anatomic site.	NCIT:C18206
Localized Disease	A disease that is confined to a specific organ or tissue and has not spread to other anatomic sites.	NCIT:C36162
Regional Disease	A disease or condition that extends beyond the site of origin and spreads into adjacent tissues and regional lymph nodes.	NCIT:C41844
New Tumor Event	The presence of a primary, recurrent or metastatic neoplasm which has not been previously noted.	NCIT:C200667

Attribute: Treatment Type

Valid Value	Description	Ontology
3-Dimensional Conformal Radiation Therapy	A process by which a dose of radiation is automatically shaped to closely conform to the entire volume of the tumor, so that surrounding normal tissue is spared and treatment toxicity is decreased.	NCIT:C16035
Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation	A clinical treatment in which hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are transferred from one genetically dissimilar individual to another.	NCIT:C46089
Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation	Stem cell transfer or transplantation in which the patient is their own donor.	NCIT:C201465
Brachytherapy	A type of radiation therapy in which radioactive material is placed inside the body, into a tumor or body cavity.	NCIT:C15195
Cellular Therapy	Utilization of specific cells, modified or not, for treatment of diseases. Donor lymphocyte infusion is a type of cellular therapy.	NCIT:C70601
Chemotherapy	The use of synthetic or naturally-occurring chemicals for the treatment of diseases.	NCIT:C15632
Concurrent Chemoradiation	Treatment in which radiation therapy is administered at the same time as chemotherapy.	NCIT:C141342
Conditioning Therapy	Administration of high doses of chemotherapy or radiation therapy, as well as immunosuppressive therapy, to a transplant recipient prior to a bone marrow or hematopoietic stem cell transplant.	NCIT:C64468
Ablation Therapy	Removal, separation, detachment, extirpation, or eradication of a body part, pathway, or function by surgery, chemical destruction, morbid process, or noxious substance.	NCIT:C20985
Control	A negative control in which the subject or specimen received no active treatment, used as a comparator.	NCIT:C184729
Conventional Radiotherapy	A course of radiotherapy where minimal imaging support (i.e. X-ray films) is used to determine the positioning of radiotherapy.	NCIT:C165189
Electron Beam Radiation Therapy	Radiation therapy using an electron beam.	NCIT:C15650
External Beam Radiation Therapy	Radiation therapy in which high-energy beams are delivered to the tumor from outside of the body.	NCIT:C15751
High-Dose Rate Brachytherapy	Internal radiation treatment that targets a cancerous tissue with accurate, high doses of radiation through the use of inserted temporary implants.	NCIT:C15651
Hormone Therapy	Various treatment modalities that produce the desired therapeutic effect by means of a change of hormone/hormones level.	NCIT:C15445
Immunosuppressive Therapy/GVHD Prophylaxis for Transplant	Graft versus host disease prophylaxis or therapy administered in the context of a transplant.	NCIT:C15448
Immunotherapy	Therapy designed to induce changes in a patient's immune status in order to treat disease.	NCIT:C15262
Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy	An advanced form of 3-Dimensional Conformal Radiation Therapy (3D CRT) that involves the use of varying intensities of small radiation beams to produce dosage distributions that are more precise than those possible with 3D CRT.	NCIT:C16135
Low-Dose Rate Brachytherapy	Internal radiation treatment that targets a cancerous tissue with low doses of radiation through the use of inserted temporary or permanent implants.	NCIT:C85254
Not Reported	Not provided or available.	NCIT:C43234
Oncolytic Virus Therapy	A targeted therapy that uses viral infection to cause the lysis of tumor cells.	NCIT:C62713
Organ Transplantation	The transfer of an organ, organ part, or tissue from one body to another, for the purpose of replacing the recipient's damaged or failing organ with a working one from the donor. Donors can be living, or cadaveric (dead).	NCIT:C15289
Palliative Care	The patient- and family-centered active holistic care of patients with advanced, progressive disease, encompassing pain and symptom control, communication about treatment and prognosis, and psychosocial and spiritual support, with the goal of achieving the best quality of life for patients and their families.	NCIT:C15292
Pharmacotherapy	Treatment of disease through the use of drugs.	NCIT:C15986
Photon Beam Radiation Therapy	Radiation therapy using a photon beam.	NCIT:C104914
Post-Transplant Salvage Therapy	Treatment administered after a transplant when standard therapy has failed or a relapse has occurred.	NCIT:C15359
Proton Beam Radiation Therapy	A type of external beam radiation therapy using a beam of protons. It has the advantage of precisely localizing the radiation dose on the targeted tissue and avoiding damage to the healthy surrounding tissue.	NCIT:C66897
Radiation Therapy	Treatment of a disease by means of exposure of the target or the whole body to radiation. Radiation therapy is often used as part of curative therapy and occasionally as a component of palliative treatment for cancer.	NCIT:C15313
Radiofrequency Ablation	A therapeutic procedure to kill tissue using radiowaves to generate heat. The procedure is performed by the insertion of an electrode into a target tissue; electrical energy delivered to the electrode heats and destroys the tissue.	NCIT:C15666
Radiopharmaceutical	An agent that contains a radioactive isotope and is used for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes.	NCIT:C1446
Stem Cell Transplant	A therapeutic procedure that involves the transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells, either with the patient as their own donor or from a donor to the patient, used for the treatment of malignant and non-malignant diseases.	NCIT:C15431
Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy	Stereotactic radiation therapy in which one or several maximum dose radiation treatments are delivered targeting cancers of the body, excluding the brain or spine.	NCIT:C118286
Stereotactic Radiosurgery	A non-surgical procedure that was developed to deliver one or several maximum dose targeted radiation treatments for cancers in the brain or spine.	NCIT:C15358
Surgical Procedure	A diagnostic or treatment procedure performed by manual and/or instrumental means, often involving an incision and the removal or replacement of a diseased organ or tissue.	NCIT:C15329
Targeted Molecular Therapy	Cancer therapies designed to act upon specific molecules in metabolic pathways or processes involved in carcinogenesis, tumor growth, or tumor spread.	NCIT:C76243
Targeted Therapy	A type of cancer treatment that uses testing and medication to more precisely identify and treat cancer, targeting genes or proteins necessary to the proliferation of cancer cells.	NCIT:C93352
Unknown	Not known, observed, recorded; or reported as unknown by the data contributor.	NCIT:C17998
Vaccine Therapy	Immunotherapy using a preparation that stimulates the immune system to destroy pathogenic microorganisms or tumor cells.	NCIT:C15347

Attribute: Treatment Response

Valid Value	Description	Ontology
Complete Response	The disappearance of all signs of cancer in response to treatment.	NCIT:C4870
No Evidence of Disease	Diagnostic tests fail to detect presence of disease.	NCIT:C40413
No Response	No apparent pathologic and/or clinical changes resulting from treatment.	NCIT:C162704
Not Applicable	Determination of a value is not relevant in the current context.	NCIT:C48660
Not Evaluable	Indicates that an assessment was not performed.	NCIT:C139527
Not Reported	Not provided or available.	NCIT:C43234
Partial Response	A finding indicating that there is a decrease in the size and the extent of tissue involvement by a malignant tumor in a patient.	NCIT:C18058
Persistent Disease	The persistence of tumor cells in the body following cancer treatment.	NCIT:C4809
Progressive Disease	A clinical, pathologic, and/or molecular finding indicating that the course of a disease is worsening.	NCIT:C35571
Stable Disease	A disease that is neither decreasing nor increasing in extent or severity.	NCIT:C18213
Unknown	Not known, observed, recorded, or reported as unknown by the data contributor.	NCIT:C17998
Less than Partial Response	Less than Partial Clinical Response	NCIT:C151961
Too Early	Too Early to be Assessed	NCIT:C222061
Not Assessed	NOT ASSESSED	NCIT:C139527

Attribute: Disease Type

Valid Value	Description	Ontology
Acinar Cell Neoplasms	A neoplasm with acinar cell differentiation, arising from the secretory cells of exocrine glands such as the pancreas, salivary glands, or lungs.	NCIT:C4197
Adenomas and Adenocarcinomas	A neoplasm arising from or exhibiting the features of glandular epithelium; encompasses a broad morphological category including adenomas, adenocarcinomas, and related glandular tumors.	NCIT:C7132
Adnexal and Skin Appendage Neoplasms	A neoplasm arising from skin appendage structures, including hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and eccrine or apocrine sweat glands.	NCIT:C212119
Basal Cell Neoplasms	A neoplastic proliferation of basal cells in the epidermis or other anatomic sites (most frequently the salivary glands); the epidermal proliferation results in basal cell carcinomas, while the salivary gland proliferation can be benign (basal cell adenoma) or malignant (basal cell adenocarcinoma).	NCIT:C3784
Blood Vessel Tumors	An ICD-O-3 morphology category comprising benign and malignant neoplasms that arise from blood vessels, such as hemangioma, hemangioendothelioma, and angiosarcoma.	NCIT:C7388
Complex Mixed and Stromal Neoplasms	An ICD-O-3 morphology category comprising neoplasms with complex mixed epithelial and stromal or mesenchymal components, such as adenomyoma, adenofibroma, and mixed mesodermal (Mullerian) tumors.	SNOMED:115229003
Cystic; Mucinous and Serous Neoplasms	A benign or malignant neoplasm that contains a single or multiple cystic spaces. Examples include cystadenoma, mucinous cystadenocarcinoma, and serous cystadenocarcinoma.	NCIT:C6784
Ductal and Lobular Neoplasms	An ICD-O-3 morphology category comprising neoplasms that arise from the ductal or lobular epithelium of glandular organs, most commonly the breast, including ductal carcinoma in situ, invasive ductal carcinoma, and lobular carcinoma.	SNOMED:115218002
Epithelial Neoplasms; NOS	A neoplasm derived from epithelial cells, the cells lining the surfaces and cavities of the body.	NCIT:C3709
Fibroepithelial Neoplasms	A benign, borderline, or malignant neoplasm characterized by the presence of an epithelial and a fibrous component. Representative examples are fibroadenoma and phyllodes tumor.	NCIT:C3743
Fibromatous Neoplasms	A poorly circumscribed neoplasm arising from the soft tissues, characterized by the presence of spindle-shaped fibroblasts and an infiltrative growth pattern.	NCIT:C3042
Germ Cell Neoplasms	A neoplasm arising from germ cells, the primordial cells that give rise to eggs and sperm.	NCIT:C3708
Giant Cell Tumors	A neoplasm characterized by the presence of multinucleated giant cells intermixed with mononuclear stromal cells.	NCIT:C3055
Gliomas	A neoplasm arising from glial cells of the central nervous system, including astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymal cells.	NCIT:C3059
Granular Cell Tumors and Alveolar Soft Part Sarcomas	An ICD-O-3 morphology category comprising granular cell tumors, which are composed of cells with abundant granular eosinophilic cytoplasm, and alveolar soft part sarcoma, a rare malignant soft tissue neoplasm with a distinctive alveolar growth pattern.	SNOMED:115243008
Immunoproliferative Diseases	A category of disorders characterized by the abnormal, uncontrolled proliferation of cells of the immune system, including conditions such as heavy chain disease and Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia.	NCIT:C194803
Leukemias	A malignant clonal hematologic disorder involving hematopoietic stem cells, characterized by the presence of primitive or atypical myeloid or lymphoid cells in the bone marrow and blood.	NCIT:C3161
Lipomatous Neoplasms	A neoplasm arising from adipose (fat) tissue, ranging from benign lipomas to malignant liposarcomas.	NCIT:C4248
Lymphatic Vessel Tumors	A benign or malignant neoplasm arising from the lymphatic vessels.	NCIT:C3723
Mast Cell Neoplasm	A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by the abnormal growth and accumulation of mast cells in one or more organ systems; most variants of mast cell neoplasms are clonal disorders. (WHO, 2001)	NCIT:C9295
Meningiomas	A usually benign neoplasm arising from the meninges, the membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord.	NCIT:C3230
Mesothelial Neoplasms	A neoplasm arising from mesothelial cells, which line the body cavities including the pleura, peritoneum, and pericardium.	NCIT:C3786
Miscellaneous Bone Tumors	An ICD-O-3 morphology category comprising bone-derived neoplasms that do not fit into the major osseous, chondromatous, or fibrous tumor categories, such as adamantinoma of long bones and chordoma.	Not available
Miscellaneous Tumors	An ICD-O-3 morphology category comprising a heterogeneous group of neoplasms that do not fit into other defined histologic categories.	Not available
Mucoepidermoid Neoplasms	Neoplasms morphologically characterized by the presence of cuboidal mucous cells, goblet-like mucous cells, squamoid cells, cystic changes, and a fibrotic stromal formation; they can occur in several anatomic sites, including the parotid gland, oral cavity, paranasal sinus, skin, breast, lung, larynx, and lacrimal ducts.	NCIT:C3772
Myelodysplastic Syndromes	A heterogeneous group of clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorders characterized by ineffective blood cell production, peripheral blood cytopenias, and risk of progression to acute myeloid leukemia.	NCIT:C3247
Myomatous Neoplasms	A neoplasm arising from or exhibiting differentiation toward muscle tissue, encompassing tumors of smooth, skeletal, or cardiac muscle.	NCIT:C214799
Myxomatous Neoplasms	An ICD-O-3 morphology category comprising benign and malignant neoplasms characterized by an abundant myxoid (mucin-rich) stroma, such as myxoma and myxosarcoma.	NCIT:C6577
Neoplasms; NOS	An abnormal tissue growth resulting from uncontrolled and progressive cell proliferation; may be benign or malignant.	NCIT:C3262
Nerve Sheath Tumors	A benign or malignant neoplasm arising from the perineural cells in the sheaths surrounding the nerves. Representative examples include neurofibroma, schwannoma, and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor.	NCIT:C4972
Neuroepitheliomatous Neoplasms	A neoplasm of the nervous system that arises from the neuroepithelial tissues. Representative examples include astrocytic tumors, oligodendroglial tumors, ependymal tumors, and primitive neuroectodermal tumors.	NCIT:C3787
Nevi and Melanomas	A neoplasm arising from melanocytes, the pigment-producing cells found primarily in the skin and eye; includes both benign lesions (nevi) and malignant melanomas.	NCIT:C7058
Not Applicable	Determination of a value is not relevant in the current context.	NCIT:C48660
Not Otherwise Specified	A term used to indicate that a specific type or category is not more precisely described or classified.	NCIT:C19594
Not Reported	Not provided or available at the time of data submission.	NCIT:C43234
Odontogenic Tumors	A neoplasm arising from tissues involved in tooth formation, including enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental follicle, most commonly arising in the jaw.	NCIT:C3286
Osseous and Chondromatous Neoplasms	An ICD-O-3 morphology category comprising neoplasms of bone (osseous) and cartilage (chondromatous) origin, such as osteoma, osteosarcoma, chondroma, and chondrosarcoma.	SNOMED:115237006
Paragangliomas and Glomus Tumors	A neoplasm arising from paraganglia, specialized clusters of neuroendocrine cells that are part of the autonomic nervous system, located at various sites outside the adrenal medulla.	NCIT:C3308
Plasma Cell Neoplasm	A neoplasm characterized by the clonal proliferation of plasma cells, the antibody-secreting terminally differentiated B-cells.	NCIT:C4665
Soft Tissue Tumors and Sarcomas; NOS	A neoplasm arising from the non-epithelial, non-osseous supporting tissues of the body, including fat, fibrous tissue, muscle, peripheral nerves, and blood and lymph vessels.	NCIT:C3377
Squamous Cell Neoplasms	A neoplasm arising from or exhibiting the features of squamous epithelium, ranging from benign squamous papillomas to squamous cell carcinomas.	NCIT:C3792
Synovial-like Neoplasms	A neoplasm arising from the synovial tissue lining joint cavities, tendon sheaths, and bursae.	NCIT:C8964
Thymic Epithelial Neoplasms	A neoplasm arising from the epithelial cells of the thymus gland, spanning a spectrum from thymoma to thymic carcinoma.	NCIT:C6450
Transitional Cell Papillomas and Carcinomas	An ICD-O-3 morphology category comprising benign transitional cell papillomas and malignant transitional cell (urothelial) carcinomas, which typically arise from the transitional epithelium lining the urinary tract.	UMLS:C1384509
Trophoblastic neoplasms	A group of pregnancy-related proliferative disorders including non-neoplastic conditions and trophoblastic neoplasms such as invasive hydatidiform mole, gestational choriocarcinoma, and epithelioid trophoblastic tumor.	NCIT:C180633
Unknown	Not known, observed, recorded, or reported as unknown by the data contributor.	NCIT:C17998

Attribute: Species

Valid Value	Description	Ontology
African Bush Elephant	The African bush elephant (Loxodonta africana), the largest living terrestrial animal, native to sub-Saharan Africa; used as a source organism in comparative and veterinary research.	NCBITaxon:9785
Armadillo	Any of several small, burrowing, chiefly nocturnal mammals with a body covered with strong horny plates.	NCIT:C14185
Asian Elephant	The Asian elephant (Elephas maximus), native to South and Southeast Asia; used as a source organism in comparative and veterinary research.	NCBITaxon:9783
Boar	The wild boar (Sus scrofa), the wild ancestor of the domestic pig; used as a source organism in comparative and veterinary research.	FOODON:00004286
Cat	The domesticated feline mammal, Felis catus, which is kept as a house pet.	NCIT:C14191
Chicken	The common domestic fowl, Gallus gallus.	NCIT:C14193
Candida albicans	An opportunistic pathogenic yeast, Candida albicans, commonly used as a model organism in fungal biology and infection research.	NCBITaxon:5476
Cow	Domesticated ungulates that are raised for beef, dairy products, and leather, and used for labor.	NCIT:C14192
Dog	The domestic dog, Canis familiaris.	NCIT:C14201
Escherichia coli	A common, gram negative gut bacterium that has been studied intensively by geneticists because of its small genome size, normal lack of pathogenicity, and ease of growth in the laboratory.	NCIT:C14206
Guinea Pig	The domesticated guinea pig, Cavia porcellus.	NCIT:C14211
Horse	The domestic horse, Equus caballus.	NCIT:C14222
Human	The bipedal primate mammal, Homo sapiens; belonging to man or mankind; pertaining to man or to the race of man; use of man as experimental subject or unit of analysis in research.	NCIT:C14225
Human Patient	A human patient enrolled in a clinical study who receives medical attention, care, or treatment.	NCIT:C16960
Human Cell Line	A cell line established from human-derived cells that is maintained and propagated in vitro for research purposes.	NCIT:C20218
Macaca nemestrina	The pig-tailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina), an Old World monkey native to Southeast Asia, used as a model organism in biomedical research. Distinct from Rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta).	NCBITaxon:9545
Mouse	Any of numerous species of small rodents belonging to the genus Mus and various related genera of the family Muridae.	NCIT:C14238
Multispecies	A dataset or sample that is derived from or associated with more than one species.	FBcv:0003142
Not Applicable	Determination of a value is not relevant in the current context.	NCIT:C48660
Opossum	New World marsupials of the family Didelphidae. Opossums are omnivorous, largely nocturnal and arboreal mammals, and have an abdominal pouch in which the young are carried at birth.	MeSH:D009893
Rabbit	Various members of the family Leporidae, especially those of the genus Sylvilagus.	NCIT:C14264
Rat	Any of various rodent species of the genus Rattus, particularly Rattus norvegicus, that are widely used as model organisms in biomedical research.	NCIT:C160998
Rhesus monkey	A pale brown macaque (Macaca mulatta) native to India, China, and other parts of Asia, often used in medical research owing to its relative ease of upkeep and physiological similarity to humans.	NCIT:C14233
Schizosaccharomyces pombe	The fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, a unicellular fungus widely used as a model organism in cell biology, distinct from the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.	NCBITaxon:4896
Sheep	Any one of several species of ruminants of the genus Ovis, native of the higher mountains of both hemispheres but most numerous in Asia; the domestic sheep, Ovis aries.	NCIT:C14273
Trichoplax adhaerens	Trichoplax adhaerens, a simple multicellular marine organism belonging to the phylum Placozoa; used as a model organism in evolutionary and developmental biology.	NCBITaxon:10228
Unknown	Not known, observed, recorded; or reported as unknown by the data contributor.	NCIT:C17998
Unspecified	Not stated explicitly or in detail.	NCIT:C38046
Worm	A roundworm, most commonly Caenorhabditis elegans, that is used as a model organism in biological research.	NCIT:C14303
Yeast	Various single-celled members of the fungal families, ascomycetes, basidiomycetes and imperfect fungi that tend to be unicellular for the greater part of their life cycle.	NCIT:C14286
Fruit Fly	Drosophila melanogaster, commonly known as the fruit fly, a small dipteran insect that has been extensively used in genetic and developmental biology studies.	NCIT:C14202
Zebrafish	Brachydanio rerio, a species of small freshwater aquarium fish with a transparent embryo, making it possible to follow progeny of single cells until late stages of development; an important model for studies of vertebrate cell lineage and developmental biology.	NCIT:C14287

Attribute: Assay

Valid Value	Description	Ontology
10-cell RNA Sequencing	A procedure that can determine the RNA sequences for all or part of the poly-A tail-containing messenger RNA transcripts in an individual.	PMID:30894605
16S Ribosomal Gene Sequencing Assay	An amplicon sequencing assay in which universal primers are used to amplify the 16S ribosomal RNA gene from bacterial or archaeal samples for taxonomic identification and profiling.	OBI:0002763
3' RNA-seq	A method for profiling gene expression in which RNA-sequencing library preparation and sequencing are restricted to a short region at the 3' end of polyadenylated transcripts (typically captured via oligo-dT priming), rather than covering full-length transcripts.	EFO:0010188
3C	3C ("chromosome conformation capture") is a molecular technique that measures the physical interaction frequency between genomic loci that are in close spatial proximity within the nucleus.	EFO:0007689
3C-qPCR	A chromosome conformation capture (3C) method that uses quantitative PCR to measure the interaction frequency between a single pair of genomic loci.	ECO:0000237
3D ATAC-PALM	A super-resolution imaging technique that combines ATAC-see (a fluorescence-based chromatin accessibility assay) with photoactivated localization microscopy (PALM) to visualize the 3D spatial organization of accessible chromatin in single cells.	Not available
3D Bioprinting	A biofabrication technique that uses layer-by-layer deposition of cells, biomaterials, and growth factors to construct three-dimensional, tissue-like structures.	PMID:26724184
3D Cell Culture	A cultured cell population grown in a three-dimensional format that more closely mimics the in vivo growth environment than conventional two-dimensional culture.	MSIO:0000159
4C	4C (chromosome conformation capture-on-chip) is an extension of 3C that combines chromosome conformation capture with high-throughput sequencing or microarray analysis to identify all genomic loci interacting with a single locus of interest.	EFO:0007690
5C	5C ("chromosome conformation capture carbon copy") is an extension of the 3C technique that uses ligation-mediated amplification to study the 3-dimensional organization of multiple genomic loci in parallel.	EFO:0007692
ATAC-Seq	A molecular genetic technique that isolates and sequences chromosomal regions that are rich in open chromatin. First, nuclei are harvested from a cellular sample. Then a hyperactive Tn5 transposase is added to the nuclei where it excises non-nucleosomal DNA strands and ligates co-administered high-throughput sequencing adapters (tagmentation). The tagged DNA fragments are isolated, amplified by PCR and sequenced. The number of reads for specific region of DNA correlate with increased chromatin accessibility and this method can identify regions of transcription factor and nucleosome binding.	NCIT:C156056
ATP Bioluminescence Assay	An analyte assay that detects ATP concentration via light output when luciferase catalyzes the oxidation of luciferin in the presence of ATP, commonly used as a measure of cell viability.	OBI:0002175
Affinity Purification Mass Spectrometry	An analytical technique wherein ions are separated according to their ratio of charge to mass. From the mass spectrum produced, the atomic weight of the particle can be deduced.	pmid:22611051
Allograft	A graft transferred from a donor of one species to a recipient of the same species but different genetic makeup.	NCIT:C60701
Amplicon Sequencing	A DNA sequencing technique that can differentiate cytosine from 5-methylcytosine in a DNA sample. First, a denatured DNA sample is treated with bisulfite which converts non-methylated cytosine to uracil. Next, the sample is amplified using a PCR method that does not discriminate between non-methylated and methylated sequences. The amplified DNA is subjected to nucleotide sequencing. The resulting sequence is compared to an identical control sample of DNA that was not treated with bisulfite. Unmethylated cytosines will be displayed as cytosines in the control sample and as thymines in the bisulfite-treated sample.	EFO:0003747
Angiogenesis Assay	An assay used to measure the formation of new blood vessels from existing vasculature, typically by quantifying endothelial cell tube formation, migration, or sprouting in vitro or in vivo.	Not available
Apoptosis Assay	An assay used to detect or quantify cells undergoing apoptosis (programmed cell death), commonly via markers such as caspase activity, Annexin V staining, or DNA fragmentation.	ERO:0001182
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry	A technique utilizing a scanning probe to image and analyze the surface of a material with atomic-level resolution.	BAO:0002529
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy	A spectrometric method that determines the type and concentration of metal elements in a sample, based upon the principle that each elemental metal absorbs a particular wavelength of ultraviolet light when exposed to heat.	NCIT:C85574
Atomic Force Microscopy	A technique utilizing a scanning probe to image and analyze the surface of a material with atomic-level resolution.	NCIT:C17754
Autoradiography	A technique used to locate radioactively labeled molecules, or fragments of molecules, by recording on a photographic or sensor plate the radiation emitted by radioactive material within a molecule.	NCIT:C16314
Barcode-Seq	A molecular genetic technique that combines chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) with massively parallel DNA sequencing to map the binding sites of DNA-associated proteins in a sample of cells. First, crosslinked protein-DNA complexes are isolated using ChIP. Next, the crosslinks are broken, the proteins are removed and the purified DNA is modified with adaptor oligonucleotides to facilitate massively parallel DNA sequencing. Following sequencing, the DNA sequences that are obtained can be mapped to their genomic locations.	EFO:0008655
Bicinchoninic Acid Assay	A copper-based colorimetric assay for total protein quantification. This assay relies on the formation of a Cu2+-protein complex in a basic environment, followed by reduction of the Cu2+ to Cu+, causing a change of color from green to purple, with a strong absorbance at 562nm.	BAO:0002467
Binding Assay	An assay that measures the interaction or binding affinity between two molecules, such as a ligand and its receptor or an antibody and its antigen.	PMID:21115850
Bio-Layer Interferometry	A label-free optical technique that detects binding interactions by measuring shifts in the interference pattern of light reflected from a layer of immobilized biomolecules on a biosensor tip.	OBI:0002107
Bioluminescence Imaging	An imaging technique that uses fluorescent dye to achieve the desired image.	WIKIDATA:Q4915066
Bisulfite Sequencing	A DNA sequencing technique that can differentiate cytosine from 5-methylcytosine in a DNA sample. First, a denatured DNA sample is treated with bisulfite which converts non-methylated cytosine to uracil. Next, the sample is amplified using a PCR method that does not discriminate between non-methylated and methylated sequences. The amplified DNA is subjected to nucleotide sequencing. The resulting sequence is compared to an identical control sample of DNA that was not treated with bisulfite. Unmethylated cytosines will be displayed as cytosines in the control sample and as thymines in the bisulfite-treated sample.	NCIT:C106054
Brightfield Microscopy	Brightfield microscopy is a type of light microscopy in which objects are seen against a bright background.	NCIT:C19827
Brillouin Microscopy	The use of various technologies to resolve the structure or features of objects too small or fine to naturally be seen by eye.	PMID:29771749
CASFISH	CRISPR/Cas9-mediated fluorescence in situ hybridization, a technique using a catalytically inactive Cas9 (dCas9) fused to a fluorescent tag to visualize specific genomic loci in fixed cells without denaturation.	PMID:26324940
CITE-seq	A molecular genetic technique that combines chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) with massively parallel DNA sequencing to map the binding sites of DNA-associated proteins in a sample of cells. First, crosslinked protein-DNA complexes are isolated using ChIP. Next, the crosslinks are broken, the proteins are removed and the purified DNA is modified with adaptor oligonucleotides to facilitate massively parallel DNA sequencing. Following sequencing, the DNA sequences that are obtained can be mapped to their genomic locations.	EFO:0009294
CLIP-qPCR	A technique combining crosslinking immunoprecipitation (CLIP) of an RNA-binding protein with quantitative PCR to identify and quantify specific bound RNA sequences.	PMID:26721479
CRISPR	A genome-editing and functional-screening technology based on the Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)-Cas system, used here as a general assay category for CRISPR-based perturbation experiments.	Not available
CUT&RUN	Cleavage Under Targets and Release Using Nuclease (CUT&RUN), a method for mapping DNA-protein interactions using an antibody-targeted nuclease to selectively cleave DNA near a bound protein.	EFO:0009973
CUT&Tag-Sequencing	Cleavage Under Targets and Tagmentation (CUT&Tag), a chromatin profiling method that uses antibody-targeted tagmentation to map the genome-wide location of a protein of interest.	EFO:0920004
Cell Adhesion Assay	Any method to measure the number of dividing cells in a culture, or to measure the change in the proportion of cells that are dividing.	ERO:0001512
Cell Proliferation Assay	Any method to measure the number of dividing cells in a culture, or to measure the change in the proportion of cells that are dividing.	NCIT:C116553
Cell Viability Assay	A colorimetric assay that can assess the viability of cells by quantitation of the reduction of a yellow tetrazolium salt substrate to a product that has a purple color. This assay can measure the cytotoxicity of a chemical or drug by determining the affect of treatment on cell viability.	ERO:000132
Cell-spreading Assay	Any method to measure the number of dividing cells in a culture, or to measure the change in the proportion of cells that are dividing.	PMID:15576905
CellTiter-Glo Luminescent Cell Viability Assay	A colorimetric assay that can assess the viability of cells by quantitation of the reduction of a yellow tetrazolium salt substrate to a product that has a purple color. This assay can measure the cytotoxicity of a chemical or drug by determining the affect of treatment on cell viability.	BAO:0000682
Cerenkov Luminescence Imaging	An imaging modality to study charged particles in tissue by detecting the Cerenkov luminescence produced, allowing the imaging of beta-emitting nuclear medicine probes by optical methods.	NCIT:C151895
ChIA-PET	A molecular genetic technique that combines chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) with paired end tagged (PET) DNA sequencing to identify the nucleotide sequences for the binding sites occupied by DNA-associated proteins in a sample.	NCIT:C172845
ChIP-PCR	A molecular genetic technique that combines chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) with massively parallel DNA sequencing to map the binding sites of DNA-associated proteins in a sample of cells. First, crosslinked protein-DNA complexes are isolated using ChIP. Next, the crosslinks are broken, the proteins are removed and the purified DNA is modified with adaptor oligonucleotides to facilitate massively parallel DNA sequencing. Following sequencing, the DNA sequences that are obtained can be mapped to their genomic locations.	ECO:0000227
ChIP-Seq	A molecular genetic technique that combines chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) with massively parallel DNA sequencing to map the binding sites of DNA-associated proteins in a sample of cells. First, crosslinked protein-DNA complexes are isolated using ChIP. Next, the crosslinks are broken, the proteins are removed and the purified DNA is modified with adaptor oligonucleotides to facilitate massively parallel DNA sequencing. Following sequencing, the DNA sequences that are obtained can be mapped to their genomic locations.	NCIT:C106048
ChIP-qPCR assay	A molecular genetic technique that combines chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) with massively parallel DNA sequencing to map the binding sites of DNA-associated proteins in a sample of cells. First, crosslinked protein-DNA complexes are isolated using ChIP. Next, the crosslinks are broken, the proteins are removed and the purified DNA is modified with adaptor oligonucleotides to facilitate massively parallel DNA sequencing. Following sequencing, the DNA sequences that are obtained can be mapped to their genomic locations.	OBI:0002169
Chemiluminescent Assay	An assay that detects or quantifies an analyte by measuring light emitted from a chemiluminescent reaction.	PMID:28647912
Chemotaxis Assay	An assay that measures the directional movement of cells in response to a chemical gradient (chemoattractant or chemorepellent).	BAO:0010269
Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy	The technique of measuring the emission and absorption of different wavelengths (spectra) of visible and non-visible light. This can be done via a spectroscope, which consists of a slit, prism, collimator lens, object lens, and a grating.	CHMO:0000323
Co-Immunoprecipitation	Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) is a popular technique for protein interaction discovery. In a co-IP the target antigen precipitated by the antibody "co-precipitates" a binding partner/protein complex from a lysate. It is assumed that these proteins are related to the function of the target antigen at the cellular level.	NCIT:C19830
Co-culture Assay	An assay in which two or more distinct cell types are cultured together to study their interactions.	PMID:4032528
Collision-Induced Dissociation	A method by which fragmentation can be achieved. CID is accomplished by selecting an ion of interest with the mass analyzer and then subjecting that ion to collisions with neutral atoms or molecules. The resulting fragment ions are then mass analyzed. (from The Expanding Role of Mass Spectrometry in Biotechnology by Gary Siuzdak)	NCIT:C48061
Colorimetric Cell Viability Assay	A colorimetric assay that can assess the viability of cells by quantitation of the reduction of a yellow tetrazolium salt substrate to a product that has a purple color. This assay can measure the cytotoxicity of a chemical or drug by determining the affect of treatment on cell viability.	NCIT:C95027
Computational Modeling	The use of statistical analysis, computer analysis, or model organisms to predict outcomes of research. (doegenomes.org)	NCIT:C16461
Computational Tool	A computer program or algorithm used to process, analyze, or interpret biological or experimental data.	mesh:D012984
Computed Tomography	An imaging technique for examining structures within the body by scanning them with X rays and using a computer to construct a series of cross-sectional scans along a single axis.	NCIT:C17204
Confocal Microscopy	A system of (usually) epifluorescence light microscopy in which a fine laser beam of light is scanned over the object through the objective lens. This technique is particularly good at rejecting light from outside the plane of focus and so produces higher effective resolution than other microscopy techniques.	NCIT:C17753
Confocal Reflectance Quantitative Phase Microscopy	A system of (usually) epifluorescence light microscopy in which a fine laser beam of light is scanned over the object through the objective lens. This technique is particularly good at rejecting light from outside the plane of focus and so produces higher effective resolution than other microscopy techniques.	mesh:D000097913
Cross-Linking Immunoprecipitation High-throughput Sequencing	A molecular biology method combining crosslinking-immunoprecipitation and high-throughput sequencing techniques to detect and map RNA-protein interactions. In CLIP, whole tissues, organisms or individual cell types are treated with UV irradiation, which introduces covalent bonds between RNA-protein complexes. This is followed by immunoprecipitation and removal of the protein component of the crosslinked complex. The purified RNAs are then fragmented, reduced in size and subjected to high-throughput sequencing for the identification of RNA binding sites.	NCIT:C116152
Cross-Linking Mass Spectrometry	An analytical technique wherein ions are separated according to their ratio of charge to mass. From the mass spectrum produced, the atomic weight of the particle can be deduced.	PRIDE:0000430
Cyclic Immunofluorescence	A method that enables simultaneous detection of multiple biomarkers on a single tissue section using immunofluorescence techniques.	PMID:27925668
Cytochemical Stain	A staining technique used to visualize specific chemical components or structures within cells or tissues under a microscope.	UMLS:C4511272
Cytokine Expression Profile	The identification and quantitation of all of the cytokines expressed in a biological sample.	NCIT:C129886
Cytometric Bead Array Assay	An analyte assay in which a series of beads coated with antibodies, antigens, or other capture molecules are used in combination with flow cytometry to detect multiple analytes simultaneously.	OBI:0000920
Cytotoxicity Assay	An assay that measures the degree to which a substance or treatment is toxic to cells, typically assessed via cell viability, membrane integrity, or metabolic activity.	BAO:0002993
DBiT-Seq	A molecular genetic technique that combines chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) with massively parallel DNA sequencing to map the binding sites of DNA-associated proteins in a sample of cells. First, crosslinked protein-DNA complexes are isolated using ChIP. Next, the crosslinks are broken, the proteins are removed and the purified DNA is modified with adaptor oligonucleotides to facilitate massively parallel DNA sequencing. Following sequencing, the DNA sequences that are obtained can be mapped to their genomic locations.	PMID:33188776
DNA Gene-Expression Microarray	A process that allows thousands of pieces of DNA that are fixed to a glass slide to be analyzed at one time. It is used to identify the genes (pieces of DNA) in specific cells or tissue that are actively used to make RNA, which then may be used to make proteins.	NCIT:C93207
DNA Methylation Array	The use of a high-throughput microarray where all of the known CpG islands either in a single specimen or all of the known promoter sequences of a specimen or a population group are coupled to beads or microwells to determine which are methylated.	NCIT:C165222
DNA Sequencing	The determination of the sequence of purines and pyrimidines in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).	NCIT:C153598
DNase-Seq	A molecular genetic technique where genome-wide sequencing is performed on DNA regions that are super sensitive to cleavage by DNase I to identify putative DNA regulatory sequences.	NCIT:C106052
DRIP-seq	A molecular genetic technique that combines chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) with massively parallel DNA sequencing to map the binding sites of DNA-associated proteins in a sample of cells. First, crosslinked protein-DNA complexes are isolated using ChIP. Next, the crosslinks are broken, the proteins are removed and the purified DNA is modified with adaptor oligonucleotides to facilitate massively parallel DNA sequencing. Following sequencing, the DNA sequences that are obtained can be mapped to their genomic locations.	Not available
Dark Field Microscopy	A microscopic technique in which the light that does not come into contact with the structure or details of interest is subtracted from the ocular image. This yields an image in which the structure or details are alight while the areas where the structures or details are absent are dark.	NCIT:C85837
Deep Mutational Scanning	Technique of electron microscopy in which the specimen is coated with heavy metal and then scanned by an electron beam. The resolution is not as great as with transmission electron microscopy, but preparation is easier (often by fixation followed by critical point drying), the depth of focus is relatively enormous, the surface of a specimen can be seen (though not the interior unless the specimen is cracked open) and the image is aesthetically pleasing.	EFO:0010039
Desorption Electrospray Ionization	An ionization method in which charged solvent droplets are sprayed at a sample surface under ambient conditions, desorbing and ionizing surface molecules for direct mass spectrometric analysis.	CHMO:0001660
Dideoxy Chain Termination DNA Sequencing	A DNA sequencing technique in which a mixture of deoxynucleosidetriphosphates (dNTPs) and chain-terminating dNTPs, which are radioactively or fluorescently labeled, are combined within the reaction mixture. Once the reaction is complete, the DNA strands are separated by size, and the labeled chain terminating dNTPs can be read in sequence by the investigator or by a machine.	NCIT:C19641
Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy	The use of various technologies to resolve the structure or features of objects too small or fine to naturally be seen by eye.	BAO:0002511
Differential Scanning Fluorimetry	Technique of electron microscopy in which the specimen is coated with heavy metal and then scanned by an electron beam. The resolution is not as great as with transmission electron microscopy, but preparation is easier (often by fixation followed by critical point drying), the depth of focus is relatively enormous, the surface of a specimen can be seen (though not the interior unless the specimen is cracked open) and the image is aesthetically pleasing.	ECO:0006334
Diffusion Weighted Imaging	A type of MRI technique in which diffusion-sensitizing gradients are applied to the imaging sequence.	NCIT:C111116
Direct Long-Read RNA Sequencing	A sequencing method that determines RNA sequence directly from long native RNA molecules without prior conversion to cDNA.	OBI:0002629
Drop-Seq	A molecular genetic technique that combines chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) with massively parallel DNA sequencing to map the binding sites of DNA-associated proteins in a sample of cells. First, crosslinked protein-DNA complexes are isolated using ChIP. Next, the crosslinks are broken, the proteins are removed and the purified DNA is modified with adaptor oligonucleotides to facilitate massively parallel DNA sequencing. Following sequencing, the DNA sequences that are obtained can be mapped to their genomic locations.	EFO:0008722
Droplet Digital PCR	A type of digital polymerase chain reaction technique in which the sample is fractionated into thousands of tiny droplets using a water-oil emulsion droplet technology, within which individual PCR reactions occur in each droplet.	NCIT:C166064
Dual-Luciferase Reporter Assay	An assay that uses two different luciferase reporter enzymes (typically firefly and Renilla) to simultaneously measure experimental and internal-control reporter gene expression within the same sample.	BAO:0000680
Dye Endocytosis Assay	An assay that measures cellular endocytic activity by quantifying the uptake of a fluorescent or otherwise detectable dye into cells.	Not available
Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging	A type of contrast-enhanced MRI that allows observation of functional properties in addition to structural properties.	NCIT:C62665
Dynamic Force Spectroscopy	The technique of measuring the emission and absorption of different wavelengths (spectra) of visible and non-visible light. This can be done via a spectroscope, which consists of a slit, prism, collimator lens, object lens, and a grating.	CHMO:0001122
Dynamic Light Scattering	A type of spectroscopy that utilizes a laser beam to irradiate a sample containing particles in suspension, resulting in light scattering. Rapid fluctuations in scattering intensity, around a mean value at a certain angle, occur because of particle diffusion and are dependent upon on particle size. The calculated correlation function yields a diffusion coefficient, for a given temperature and viscosity, which can be used to calculate particle size.	NCIT:C62329
Dynamic Susceptibility Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging	A type of magnetic resonance imaging that uses the transient signal reduction induced by the first pass of gadolinium chelate through the brain vessels to calculate cerebral blood flow maps, and to determine the ratio between the cerebral blood volume in the lesion and the cerebral blood volume in normal tissue.	NCIT:C116453
ELISA	A type of enzyme immunoassay in which an antigen or antibody is bound to a solid substrate (e.g., microplate or beads) and interacts with an enzyme-linked antibody or antigen in solution.	NCIT:C16553
Efferocytosis Assay	An assay that measures the phagocytic clearance of apoptotic cells by phagocytes (efferocytosis).	PMID:27815871
Electron Diffraction	Any form of microscopy in which the interactions of electrons with the specimens are used to provide information about the final structure of that specimen.	CHMO:0000142
Electron Microscopy	Any form of microscopy in which the interactions of electrons with the specimens are used to provide information about the final structure of that specimen.	NCIT:C16854
Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy	The technique of measuring the emission and absorption of different wavelengths (spectra) of visible and non-visible light. This can be done via a spectroscope, which consists of a slit, prism, collimator lens, object lens, and a grating.	ERO:0001093
Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay	A molecular biology technique used to detect the interaction of a DNA binding protein with its cognate binding sequence. Labeled DNAs were reacted with crude cell extracts and the complexes are run through a non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel. The migration of the labeled DNA through the gel will be slower by being bound. This shift in electrophoretic mobility indicates functional binding between the protein and the DNA.	NCIT:C19362
Electrospray Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry	An analytical technique wherein ions are separated according to their ratio of charge to mass. From the mass spectrum produced, the atomic weight of the particle can be deduced.	CHMO:0000736
Endotoxin Assay	An assay to detect and quantify endotoxin in a sample.	NCIT:C223372
Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy	A technique in crystallography in which the pattern produced by the diffraction of x-rays through the closely spaced lattice of atoms in a crystal is recorded and then analyzed to reveal the nature of that lattice.	NCIT:C78869
Enzyme Activity Assay	A procedure performed outside the living body to measure the catalytic activity of an enzyme.	MMO:0000444
Enzyme-Linked Immunospot Assay	A cytometry-based assay in which cells are cultured on a surface coated with a capture antibody for a secreted analyte, which is then detected as discrete spots corresponding to individual secreting cells.	OBI:0600031
Epidemiological Method	Epidemiological methods involve sophisticated statistics and higher mathematics. These methods allow epidemiologists to address issues like non-experimental studies of mechanistic questions in disease etiology, including studies of the impact of the social position of individuals in different social contexts.	NCIT:C16555
FAIRE-Seq	A molecular genetic technique that depletes a biological sample of nucleosomal DNA and then subjects the non-nucleosome-associated DNA to next-generation sequencing. Since nucleosome disruption of chromatin is indicative of active sites of DNA transcription, this technique can isolate DNA sequences that are involved in transcriptional regulation. First, a sample is treated with formaldehyde to form DNA-protein crosslinks, followed by sample lysis and sonication. The processed sample is subjected to phenol/chloroform extraction and the DNA in the aqueous phase is analyzed using next-generation sequencing techniques.	NCIT:C106051
FISH	Any jawed or jawless organisms in the phylum Chordata including the jawless fish, armored fish, cartilaginous fish, ray-finned fish and lobe-finned fish.	NCIT:C17563
Flow Cytometry	A technique for counting, examining or sorting microscopic particles suspended in a stream of fluid. The cells are placed in a fluid (with or without light-sensitive dye) and passed in a stream before a laser or other type of light.	NCIT:C16585
Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting	Selection and deposition of individual cells of a particular phenotype from a mixed population into a separate tube or tissue culture plate by the use of a fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) and fluorescently-labeled antibodies specific for surface molecules on the cells to be sorted.	NCIT:C17353
Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy	The technique of measuring the emission and absorption of different wavelengths (spectra) of visible and non-visible light. This can be done via a spectroscope, which consists of a slit, prism, collimator lens, object lens, and a grating.	CHMO:0000288
Fluorescence Imaging	An imaging technique that uses fluorescent dye to achieve the desired image.	NCIT:C116489
Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy	An imaging technique that produces spatially resolved images based on the differences in the excited state decay rates of fluorescent compounds in a sample.	NCIT:C154786
Fluorescence Microscopy	The use of a special microscope to see objects that give off fluorescent light. For example, cells or tissue can be treated with a substance that contains a fluorescent dye. The dye lights up when viewed under a microscope with a special light.	NCIT:C16856
Fluorescence Recovery After Photo-Bleaching	The use of a special microscope to see objects that give off fluorescent light. For example, cells or tissue can be treated with a substance that contains a fluorescent dye. The dye lights up when viewed under a microscope with a special light.	CHMO:0000065
Fluorescent Antibody Procedure	An immunological procedure in which the antibodies are coupled with molecules which fluoresce under ultra violet (UV) light. This makes them particularly suitable for detection of specific antigens in tissues or on cells.	NCIT:C17370
Fluorescent Cell Barcoding	An immunological procedure in which the antibodies are coupled with molecules which fluoresce under ultra violet (UV) light. This makes them particularly suitable for detection of specific antigens in tissues or on cells.	PMID:33960644
Fluorescent In Situ Sequencing	Use of a DNA or RNA probe to detect the presence of complementary sequences in chromosomes, cells, or tissues. (NCI)	EFO:0008990
Focused Ion Beam Scanning Electron Microscopy	Technique of electron microscopy in which the specimen is coated with heavy metal and then scanned by an electron beam. The resolution is not as great as with transmission electron microscopy, but preparation is easier (often by fixation followed by critical point drying), the depth of focus is relatively enormous, the surface of a specimen can be seen (though not the interior unless the specimen is cracked open) and the image is aesthetically pleasing.	FBbi:00050000
Forster Resonance Energy Transfer	A method for determining the distance between two molecules by measuring the energy transfer between two chromophores (a donor and an acceptor) in close proximity.	CHMO:0000062
Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry	A type of mass spectrometry that uses the cyclotron frequency of ions in a fixed magnetic field to determine their ionic mass-to-charge ratio.	NCIT:C116571
Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy	A type of mass spectrometry that uses the cyclotron frequency of ions in a fixed magnetic field to determine their ionic mass-to-charge ratio.	CHMO:0000636
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry	An analytical technique wherein gas chromatography is coupled to mass spectrometry in order to separate, identify, and quantify substances in a sample.	NCIT:C111203
Gelatin Zymography	An SDS-PAGE based procedure used to identify matrix metalloproteinases.	NCIT:C19835
Genotyping	The determination of the nucleotide sequence of the genetic material at a specific locus.	NCIT:C45447
Global Chromatin Profiling	A type of epigenetic modification assay that uses targeted quantitative mass spectrometry to profile post-translational modifications of core histone proteins in chromatin.	OBI:0002961
Global Run-On Sequencing	Global run-on sequencing (GRO-seq), a sequencing-based assay derived from nuclear run-on assays that maps the position and orientation of actively transcribing RNA polymerases genome-wide.	EFO:0005227
Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry	A technique utilizing a scanning probe to image and analyze the surface of a material with atomic-level resolution.	CHMO:0000239
HL-Chip	A molecular genetic technique that combines chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) with massively parallel DNA sequencing to map the binding sites of DNA-associated proteins in a sample of cells. First, crosslinked protein-DNA complexes are isolated using ChIP. Next, the crosslinks are broken, the proteins are removed and the purified DNA is modified with adaptor oligonucleotides to facilitate massively parallel DNA sequencing. Following sequencing, the DNA sequences that are obtained can be mapped to their genomic locations.	pmid:32348757
HPLC-MSMS	An analytical technique wherein high performance liquid chromatography is coupled to tandem mass spectrometry in order to separate, identify, and quantify substances in a sample.	NCIT:C120691
Hematoxylin and Eosin Staining Method	Hematoxylin-and-eosin, or H&E, is a routine staining procedure of tissue sections. This staining method uses two separate dyes, one staining the nucleus and the other staining the cytoplasm and connective tissue. Hematoxylin is a dark purplish dye that stains the chromatin (nuclear material) within the nucleus. Eosin is an orangish-pink to red dye that stains the cytoplasmic material including connective tissue and collagen.	NCIT:C23011
Hi-C	Hi-C is a method for analyzing the 3-dimensional organization and genome-wide interaction frequencies of chromatin, belonging to the class of chromosome conformation capture techniques.	EFO:0007693
HiChIP	A method that combines chromosome conformation capture, proximity ligation and chromatin immunoprecipitation to isolate DNA from a biospecimen, create a genomic library and analyze 3D chromatin organization.	NCIT:C179435
High Throughput Screening	Use of robots and other automated techniques to screen large numbers of samples.	NCIT:C18472
High-Content Screen	An image analysis technique combining automated fluorescence microscopy with multi-parameter quantitative image analysis for large-scale study of cellular phenotypes.	EFO:0007550
Hydrogels	A three-dimensional network of hydrophilic polymer chains that can absorb and retain large amounts of water, commonly used as a scaffold material in 3D cell culture and tissue engineering.	ENVO:01001562
Hydrophilic Interaction Chromatography	A liquid chromatography technique in which the stationary phase is hydrophilic and the mobile phase is largely organic, separating polar compounds based on their differential partitioning.	CHMO:0002262
Image Cytometry	A flow cytometry technique that utilizes mass spectrometry to detect antibodies labeled with heavy metal ion tags that are bound to antigens of interest on single cells.	mesh:D019044
Imaging	An imaging technique that uses fluorescent dye to achieve the desired image.	NCIT:C17369
Immobilized Metal Affinity Chromatography	A method to purify proteins or peptides from a mixture that leverages their affinity to positively charged ions immobilized on NTA-agarose beads.	NCIT:C161789
ImmunoFISH	A method combining immunolabeling with fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) to simultaneously detect the nuclear distribution of a protein and specific DNA or RNA sequences.	EFO:0011016
Immunoassay	An immunological procedure used for the microscopic examination of tissues. It involves the usage of enzyme-antibody or enzyme-antigen conjugates, antienzyme antibodies, or enzyme-antienzyme complexes.	MMO:0000098
Immunocytochemistry	A method for the detection of proteins or antigens on samples of cells that are grown in monolayers or in suspension and deposited on slides, using antibodies or other biomolecules that bind the target and can be visualized through a chemical process.	NCIT:C17731
Immunohistochemistry Staining Method	Immunohistochemical staining techniques allow for the visualization of antigens via the sequential application of a specific antibody to the antigen (primary antibody), a secondary antibody to the primary antibody and an enzyme complex with a chromogenic substrate. The enzymatic activation of the chromogen results in a visible reaction product at the antigen site. The specimen may then be counterstained and coverslipped. Results are interpreted using a light microscope and aid in the differential diagnosis of pathophysiological processes, which may or may not be associated with a particular antigen.	NCIT:C23020
Immunoprecipitation	Antigen aggregation with antibody, in the right ratios, to cause precipitation. (NCI)	NCIT:C16724
In Situ Hybridization	Use of a DNA or RNA probe to detect the presence of complementary sequences in chromosomes, cells, or tissues. (NCI)	NCIT:C17562
In Vitro Cell Killing Assay	A cell killing assay that measures whether, and to what extent, target cells are actively killed by other cells in a cell culture.	OBI:0000903
In Vitro Model	A laboratory model system, such as cultured cells or tissue, used to study biological processes or disease outside of a living organism.	NCIT:C19146
In Vitro Selection	An iterative laboratory process for isolating molecules (e.g., nucleic acids or proteins) with desired properties from a large pool through repeated rounds of selection and amplification outside a living organism.	operation:3795
In Vitro Translation	A cell-free system that synthesizes protein from an RNA or DNA template using cellular translation machinery (ribosomes, tRNAs, and associated factors) extracted from cells.	ERO:0000906
In Vivo Bioluminescence	An imaging technique that detects light emitted by luciferase-expressing cells or tissues within a living organism, used to monitor biological processes such as tumor growth or gene expression over time.	ERO:0000651
In-Cell Western Assay	Any method to measure the number of dividing cells in a culture, or to measure the change in the proportion of cells that are dividing.	BAO:0002423
Inductively-Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry	A mass spectrometry technique that uses inductively-coupled plasma generated from argon gas to atomize and ionize a sample. The resulting ions are separated and analyzed using a mass spectrometer.	NCIT:C62328
Interference Reflection Microscopy	The use of various technologies to resolve the structure or features of objects too small or fine to naturally be seen by eye.	CHMO:0002437
Intravital Microscopy	The use of various technologies to resolve the structure or features of objects too small or fine to naturally be seen by eye.	ERO:0001638
Invasion Assay	An in vitro assay, commonly using a reconstituted basement membrane (e.g., Matrigel), that assesses the ability of cells to degrade and migrate through tissue barriers.	NCIT:C16216
Karyotyping	The preparation, analysis, and interpretation of a karyotype, the representation of the chromosome set of a cell.	NCIT:C16768
Knife-Edge Scanning Microscopy	Technique of electron microscopy in which the specimen is coated with heavy metal and then scanned by an electron beam. The resolution is not as great as with transmission electron microscopy, but preparation is easier (often by fixation followed by critical point drying), the depth of focus is relatively enormous, the surface of a specimen can be seen (though not the interior unless the specimen is cracked open) and the image is aesthetically pleasing.	PMID:18638197
L1000 mRNA Profiling Assay	A high-throughput gene expression profiling assay in which cultured cells are treated with chemical or genetic perturbations and the transcriptional response of ~1,000 landmark genes is measured, with the remaining transcriptome inferred computationally.	BAO:0010046
Lattice Light Sheet Microscopy	The use of a special microscope to see objects that give off fluorescent light. For example, cells or tissue can be treated with a substance that contains a fluorescent dye. The dye lights up when viewed under a microscope with a special light.	OBI:0003098
Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry	LC/MS is a hyphenated technique, combining the separation power of liquid chromatography (LC), an analytical chromatographic technique for separating ions or molecules dissolved in a solvent, with the detection power of mass spectrometry(MS), a technique to separate gas phase ions according their m/z (mass to charge ratio) value. Used for drug screening, pharmacology studies, environmental analyses and forensics.	NCIT:C18475
Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry	An analytical technique wherein liquid chromatography is coupled to tandem mass spectrometry in order to separate, identify, and quantify substances in a sample.	CHMO:0000701
Low-Vacuum Scanning Electron Microscopy	Technique of electron microscopy in which the specimen is coated with heavy metal and then scanned by an electron beam. The resolution is not as great as with transmission electron microscopy, but preparation is easier (often by fixation followed by critical point drying), the depth of focus is relatively enormous, the surface of a specimen can be seen (though not the interior unless the specimen is cracked open) and the image is aesthetically pleasing.	PMID:29546719
Luciferase Reporter Assay	An assay that uses a luciferase reporter gene under the control of a regulatory element of interest to measure gene expression or promoter/enhancer activity via light output.	BAO:0002661
Luminescent Cell Viability Assay	A colorimetric assay that can assess the viability of cells by quantitation of the reduction of a yellow tetrazolium salt substrate to a product that has a purple color. This assay can measure the cytotoxicity of a chemical or drug by determining the affect of treatment on cell viability.	BAO:0000682
MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry	An analytical technique wherein ions are separated according to their ratio of charge to mass. From the mass spectrum produced, the atomic weight of the particle can be deduced.	NCIT:C19935
MEMA Cell Growth Assay	Any method to measure the number of dividing cells in a culture, or to measure the change in the proportion of cells that are dividing.	BAO:0010060
MNase-Seq	A molecular genetic technique that combines chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) with massively parallel DNA sequencing to map the binding sites of DNA-associated proteins in a sample of cells. First, crosslinked protein-DNA complexes are isolated using ChIP. Next, the crosslinks are broken, the proteins are removed and the purified DNA is modified with adaptor oligonucleotides to facilitate massively parallel DNA sequencing. Following sequencing, the DNA sequences that are obtained can be mapped to their genomic locations.	EFO:0003751
MULTI-Seq	A molecular genetic technique that combines chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) with massively parallel DNA sequencing to map the binding sites of DNA-associated proteins in a sample of cells. First, crosslinked protein-DNA complexes are isolated using ChIP. Next, the crosslinks are broken, the proteins are removed and the purified DNA is modified with adaptor oligonucleotides to facilitate massively parallel DNA sequencing. Following sequencing, the DNA sequences that are obtained can be mapped to their genomic locations.	EFO:0030077
Macrophage Polarization Assay	An assay that measures the differentiation of macrophages into functional phenotypes (e.g., M1 pro-inflammatory or M2 anti-inflammatory) in response to specific stimuli, typically via marker expression or cytokine profiling.	Not available
Magnetic Resonance Imaging	Imaging that uses radiofrequency waves and a strong magnetic field rather than x-rays to provide detailed pictures of internal organs and tissues. The technique is valuable for the diagnosis of many pathologic conditions, including cancer, heart and vascular disease, stroke, and joint and musculoskeletal disorders.	NCIT:C16809
Magnetic Tweezers	A technique that utilizes light waves to exert minute forces as well as transmit energy to isolate and manipulate nanoparticles.	CHMO:0002474
Magnetic Twisting Cytometry	A flow cytometry technique that utilizes mass spectrometry to detect antibodies labeled with heavy metal ion tags that are bound to antigens of interest on single cells.	PMID:11509510
Magnetically Activated Cell Sorting	Selection and deposition of individual cells of a particular phenotype from a mixed population into a separate tube or tissue culture plate by the use of a fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) and fluorescently-labeled antibodies specific for surface molecules on the cells to be sorted.	NCIT:C116641
Mammosphere Formation Assay	An in vitro assay that measures the ability of mammary epithelial or stem/progenitor cells to form free-floating spherical colonies (mammospheres) under non-adherent culture conditions.	PMID:25867607
Mass Cytometry	A flow cytometry technique that utilizes mass spectrometry to detect antibodies labeled with heavy metal ion tags that are bound to antigens of interest on single cells.	NCIT:C187898
Mass Spectrometry	An analytical technique wherein ions are separated according to their ratio of charge to mass. From the mass spectrum produced, the atomic weight of the particle can be deduced.	NCIT:C17156
Mathematical Modeling	The use of statistical analysis, computer analysis, or model organisms to predict outcomes of research. (doegenomes.org)	NCIT:C16870
MeDIP	A DNA methylation profiling assay (methylated DNA immunoprecipitation) that uses an antibody against 5-methylcytosine to enrich for methylated DNA fragments prior to sequencing.	OBI:0000693
MeRIP-Seq	A molecular genetic technique that combines chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) with massively parallel DNA sequencing to map the binding sites of DNA-associated proteins in a sample of cells. First, crosslinked protein-DNA complexes are isolated using ChIP. Next, the crosslinks are broken, the proteins are removed and the purified DNA is modified with adaptor oligonucleotides to facilitate massively parallel DNA sequencing. Following sequencing, the DNA sequences that are obtained can be mapped to their genomic locations.	EFO:0008803
Methyl Binding Domain Sequencing	An assay in which DNA is enriched using a methyl-binding domain protein to isolate methylated genomic fractions prior to sequencing.	EFO:0003750
Methylation-Specific PCR	Polymerase chain reaction that uses two sets of primers, in two sequential runs of amplification, with the second set intended to amplify a target within the first run product.	PMID:21913069
Micro-computed Tomography	An imaging technique for examining structures within the body by scanning them with X rays and using a computer to construct a series of cross-sectional scans along a single axis.	MMO:0000570
MicroRNA Expression Array	A molecular biology device that utilizes a set of defined cDNA clones attached in a specific grid arrangement to a solid support for nucleic acid hybridization assays in gene mapping studies or in determining gene sequences, sequence variations, or gene expression patterns.	OBI:0001335
MicroRNA Sequencing	A next-generation or massively parallel high-throughput DNA sequencing-based procedure that can identify and quantify the microRNA sequences present in a biological sample.	NCIT:C156057
Microcontact Printing	A synthesis method for transferring a molecular pattern onto a substrate surface, typically by coating a patterned stamp with a molecule of interest and bringing it into contact with the surface.	CHMO:0001440
Microfluidics	A technology that manipulates small volumes of fluid (nanoliter to microliter scale) through networks of miniaturized channels, used for high-throughput single-cell or biochemical assays.	mesh:D046210
Micropipette Adhesion Assay	A biophysical assay that uses a micropipette to apply and measure adhesive forces between individual cells or between a cell and a substrate.	PMID:22083316
Micropipette Aspiration	A biophysical technique that uses a fine glass micropipette and controlled suction pressure to measure the mechanical properties (e.g., membrane tension, cortical stiffness) of individual cells.	Not available
Microscopy	The use of various technologies to resolve the structure or features of objects too small or fine to naturally be seen by eye.	NCIT:C16853
Migration Assay	An in vitro assay in which cultured cells are monitored and analyzed for their ability to move into an acellular area of a culture material.	NCIT:C19425
Mint-ChIP	A molecular genetic technique that combines chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) with massively parallel DNA sequencing to map the binding sites of DNA-associated proteins in a sample of cells. First, crosslinked protein-DNA complexes are isolated using ChIP. Next, the crosslinks are broken, the proteins are removed and the purified DNA is modified with adaptor oligonucleotides to facilitate massively parallel DNA sequencing. Following sequencing, the DNA sequences that are obtained can be mapped to their genomic locations.	EFO:0008813
Modeling	The use of statistical analysis, computer analysis, or model organisms to predict outcomes of research. (doegenomes.org)	NCIT:C16063
Molecular Simulations	The use of computational methods to simulate the physical motions and interactions of atoms or molecules over time.	NCIT:C18097
Monolayer Stress Microscopy	The use of various technologies to resolve the structure or features of objects too small or fine to naturally be seen by eye.	Not available
Multi-Angle Light Scattering	A method for determining particle size and molecular weight by measuring the intensity of light scattered from a sample at multiple angles.	CHMO:0000168
Multi-Isotope Mass Spectrometry	An analytical technique wherein ions are separated according to their ratio of charge to mass. From the mass spectrum produced, the atomic weight of the particle can be deduced.	PMID:22246326
Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging	The combination of multiple magnetic resonance techniques, including diffusion weighted imaging, dynamic contrast-enhanced imaging, and spectroscopy, to achieve an image that will allow for better identification of tumor size and location, as well as possibly identifying cancer spread and aggressiveness.	NCIT:C116458
Multiphoton Microscopy	An imaging technique that uses multiple photons to absorb infrared light, thereby minimizing phototoxicty and photobleaching, making it an ideal method for imaging living specimens, especially those involving deep tissue.	NCIT:C116504
Multiplexed Error-Robust Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization	Use of a DNA or RNA probe to detect the presence of complementary sequences in chromosomes, cells, or tissues. (NCI)	EFO:0008992
Multiplexed Immunofluorescence	A method that enables simultaneous detection of multiple biomarkers on a single tissue section using immunofluorescence techniques.	NCIT:C181928
Multiplexed Immunohistochemistry	A method that enables simultaneous detection of multiple biomarkers on a single tissue section using immunohistochemistry techniques.	NCIT:C181927
Multiplexed Ion Beam Imaging	A method for multiplexed immunohistochemistry that uses secondary ion mass spectrometry to image antibodies tagged with isotopically pure elemental metal reporters. Multiplexed ion beam imaging (MIBI) is capable of analyzing up to 100 targets simultaneously over a five-log dynamic range. This technique enables comprehensive phenotypic profiling and spatial analysis of the tissue microenvironment.	NCIT:C181930
Murine Model	An experimental model that uses mice to study biological processes, disease mechanisms, or the effects of treatments in vivo.	NCIT:C94604
Nano-hmC-Seal	A chemical labeling and capture approach for genome-wide profiling of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) using selective chemical tagging followed by sequencing.	EFO:0010040
NanoString Digital Spatial Profiling	A spatial transcriptomics technique that enables analysis of RNA and protein expression in tissue specimens on slides using multiplexed probe hybridization and digital counting.	EFO:0030029
Nanopatterning	A fabrication technique that creates nanoscale surface features or patterns, used e.g. to control cell adhesion, shape, or substrate mechanics in cell-biology experiments.	Not available
Nanopore Sequencing	A proprietary next-generation DNA sequencing technology from Oxford Nanopore Technologies that can directly identify and sequence a DNA molecule as it passes through a nanopore, driven by electrophoresis.	NCIT:C146818
Nanowire	A nanometer-scale wire consisting of metal atoms, silicon or other materials that conduct electricity. Nanowires are one-dimensional, and exhibit unique electrical and optical properties. They are built atom by atom on a solid surface, often as part of a microfluidic device. In addition, they can be coated with molecules such as antibodies that will bind to proteins for both basic science and clinical applications.	NCIT:C62376
Nested PCR	Polymerase chain reaction that uses two sets of primers, in two sequential runs of amplification, with the second set intended to amplify a target within the first run product.	NCIT:C127880
Next Generation Sequencing	Technologies that facilitate the rapid determination of the nucleotide sequence of large numbers of strands or segments of DNA or RNA.	NCIT:C101293
Nm-seq	A molecular genetic technique that combines chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) with massively parallel DNA sequencing to map the binding sites of DNA-associated proteins in a sample of cells. First, crosslinked protein-DNA complexes are isolated using ChIP. Next, the crosslinks are broken, the proteins are removed and the purified DNA is modified with adaptor oligonucleotides to facilitate massively parallel DNA sequencing. Following sequencing, the DNA sequences that are obtained can be mapped to their genomic locations.	EFO:0008828
Not Applicable	Determination of a value is not relevant in the current context. (NCI)	NCIT:C48660
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance	A physical phenomenon involving the interaction of atomic nuclei placed in an external magnetic field with an applied electromagnetic field oscillating at a particular frequency. Magnetic conditions within the material are measured by monitoring the radiation absorbed and emitted by the atomic nuclei. It is the underlying principle of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI).	NCIT:C16921
Optical Coherence Tomography	Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) combines the principles of ultrasound with the imaging performance of a microscope. OCT uses infrared light waves that reflect off the internal microstructure within the biological tissues. The frequencies and bandwidths of infrared light are orders of magnitude higher than medical ultrasound signals, resulting in greatly increased image resolution, 8-25 times greater than any existing modality. In addition to providing high-level resolutions for the evaluation of microanatomic structures OCT is also able to provide information regarding tissue composition. (NCI)	NCIT:C20828
Optical Emission Spectroscopy	The technique of measuring the emission and absorption of different wavelengths (spectra) of visible and non-visible light. This can be done via a spectroscope, which consists of a slit, prism, collimator lens, object lens, and a grating.	CHMO:0000251
Optical Mapping	A technique used for constructing the ordered and high-resolution genome or chromosome sized restriction enzyme map of an organism from a single, stained DNA molecule, digested by the restriction enzyme and imaged by an optical microscope.	NCIT:C116162
Optical Stretcher	A technique that utilizes light waves to exert minute forces as well as transmit energy to isolate and manipulate nanoparticles.	PMID:30404265
Optical Tweezers	A technique that utilizes light waves to exert minute forces as well as transmit energy to isolate and manipulate nanoparticles.	NCIT:C62320
Optogenetic Assay	The combination of genetic and optical methods to control specific cellular events with temporal precision in targeted cells of a functioning biological system.	mesh:D062308
Organoid	A three dimensional mass comprised of a cultured cell or tissue sample that resembles an in vivo tissue or organ. Organoids are grown in vitro from a combination of cells or tissue fragments cultured in medium containing a variety of biochemical factors.	NCIT:C172259
PCR	Polymerase chain reaction that uses two sets of primers, in two sequential runs of amplification, with the second set intended to amplify a target within the first run product.	NCIT:C17003
PET-CT	An imaging technique that combines positron emission tomography and computed tomography acquisition in a single machine to provide co-registered functional and anatomical images.	NCIT:C103512
Paraquat Survival Assay	A survival assay that exposes an organism (commonly Caenorhabditis elegans) to the oxidative-stress-inducing herbicide paraquat to measure resistance to oxidative stress and longevity.	Not available
Partial Wave Spectroscopy	The technique of measuring the emission and absorption of different wavelengths (spectra) of visible and non-visible light. This can be done via a spectroscope, which consists of a slit, prism, collimator lens, object lens, and a grating.	Not available
Patient Derived Xenograft	A mouse model for human cancer studies in which a human-derived tumor sample is transplanted into an immunodeficient mouse.	NCIT:C122936
Pending Annotation	A placeholder value indicating that the appropriate assay annotation for this record has not yet been determined or curated.	NCIT:C53470
Permeability Assay	An assay that measures the rate or extent to which a substance passes through a biological or synthetic semi-permeable barrier, such as a cell monolayer or membrane.	BAO:0010083
Phagocytosis Assay	An assay that measures the ability of phagocytic cells to engulf and internalize particles, pathogens, or other cells.	SNOMED:45101000
Photoacoustic Imaging	An imaging technique during which non-ionizing pulses are delivered into tissue and the resulting ultrasonic waves are detected and converted into images.	NCIT:C116749
Photolithography	A synthesis method that uses light to transfer a pattern onto a substrate, typically via a light-sensitive photoresist layer.	CHMO:0001410
Plasmid Construction	The process of assembling or engineering a plasmid vector, typically by inserting a DNA sequence of interest into a plasmid backbone using molecular cloning techniques.	ERO:0001308
PlateSeq	A genome-wide mRNA profiling methodology designed to complement high-throughput screening assays by enabling low-cost, plate-based transcriptomic readouts.	EFO:0008863
Point Accumulation for Imaging in Nanoscale Topography	A super-resolution microscopy technique (PAINT) that achieves nanoscale spatial resolution by imaging the transient, stochastic binding of fluorescently labeled probes to a target structure over time.	FBbi:00000339
Positron Emission Tomography	An imaging technique for measuring the gamma radiation produced by collisions of electrons and positrons (anti-electrons) within living tissue. In positron emission tomography (PET), a subject is given a dose of a positron-emitting radionuclide attached to a metabolically active substance. A scanner reveals the tissue location of the metabolically-active substance administered.	NCIT:C17007
Precision Run-On Sequencing	Precision nuclear run-on and sequencing (PRO-seq), a technique that maps the genome-wide position of actively engaged RNA polymerases at nucleotide resolution, including polymerase pause sites.	EFO:0008869
Proteomics Assay	A mass spectrometry assay that identifies and measures proteins in a sample.	OBI:0003781
Proximity Ligation Assay	A technique that leverages immunoassay and DNA amplification technology to detect protein-protein interactions with high specificity and sensitivity. A sample is prepared and then exposed to primary antibodies raised in different species recognizing the target epitopes on the proteins of interest. Then, secondary antibodies that are tagged with short oligonucleotides and that target each primary antibody are added. Next, a mixture comprised of a ligase, PCR components and a connector oligonucleotide, which hybridizes to both oligonucleotide tags and can prime rolling DNA circle synthesis, are added and the sample is subjected to real-time PCR to amplify the DNA circles. Rolling circle synthesis and amplification is only possible if the protein epitopes are in close proximity (i.e. in a protein complex). Finally, a labeled complementary nucleotide probe is added to detect and/or visualize the amplified DNA.	NCIT:C156754
Pull-Down Assay	An in vitro assay used to detect or confirm a physical interaction between two or more proteins (or a protein and another molecule) by using an immobilized bait molecule to capture binding partners from a lysate.	PMID:28667618
QFISH	Quantitative fluorescence in situ hybridization, a technique combining FISH with quantitative fluorescence measurement, commonly used to measure telomere length.	PMID:18228343
Quantitative Multiplex Immunofluorescence	A method that enables simultaneous detection of multiple biomarkers on a single tissue section using immunofluorescence techniques.	EFO:0022989
Quantitative Point Accumulation for Imaging in Nanoscale Topography	A quantitative variant of the PAINT super-resolution microscopy technique that enables counting or quantification of molecules based on transient, stochastic probe-binding events.	PMID:27018580
Questionnaire	A set of questions or items shown to a respondent in order to get answers for research purposes. [PRO Draft Guidance] See also instrument, survey.	NCIT:C17048
RAS Protein Family Activation Assay	An in vitro assay that can indirectly detect the activation of small GTPases in the RAS family through the staining of phosphorylated forms of MEK (MAP2K) family proteins (pMEK). A farnesylated RAS family protein is anchored to an in vitro model of the plasma membrane and, under different conditions, is co-incubated with both a RAF family protein, which binds to and is activated by active RAS proteins, and a MEK family protein, which is phosphorylated by active RAF proteins. pMEK is detected using a donor bead coated with anti-MEK antibodies that is capable of oxidizing an acceptor molecule attached to an anti-pMEK antibody. When the donor and acceptor are in close proximity, the acceptor molecule is oxidized and can be visualized using electron microscopy.	NCIT:C139305
RIP	RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP), a technique used to investigate protein-RNA interactions in the cell by immunoprecipitating an RNA-binding protein along with its bound RNAs.	EFO:0005033
RIP-Seq	A molecular genetic technique that combines chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) with massively parallel DNA sequencing to map the binding sites of DNA-associated proteins in a sample of cells. First, crosslinked protein-DNA complexes are isolated using ChIP. Next, the crosslinks are broken, the proteins are removed and the purified DNA is modified with adaptor oligonucleotides to facilitate massively parallel DNA sequencing. Following sequencing, the DNA sequences that are obtained can be mapped to their genomic locations.	EFO:0005310
RNA Sequencing	A procedure that can determine the RNA sequences for all or part of the poly-A tail-containing messenger RNA transcripts in an individual.	NCIT:C124261
RNAi Screen	An assay that uses a panel of RNA interference (RNAi) reagents to systematically knock down a large set of genes, one at a time, to identify those involved in a biological process of interest.	FBcv:0003077
RT-PCR	Polymerase chain reaction that uses two sets of primers, in two sequential runs of amplification, with the second set intended to amplify a target within the first run product.	NCIT:C18136
RT-qPCR	Real-time PCR in which an RNA sample is first reverse transcribed into complementary DNA (cDNA) and then quantified by real-time PCR.	MMO:0000462
Raman Spectroscopy	Emission of electromagnetic energy with a shorter frequency (longer wavelength) than that of the incident monochromatic light. Arises from the low probability absorption of quanta with a higher energy than that required for a transition: the difference in energy is emitted as a lower frequency (energy) photon. Allows analysis of vibrational and rotational energy levels using visible incident light.	NCIT:C17157
Reduced Representation Bisulfite Sequencing	A DNA sequencing technique that can differentiate cytosine from 5-methylcytosine in a DNA sample. First, a denatured DNA sample is treated with bisulfite which converts non-methylated cytosine to uracil. Next, the sample is amplified using a PCR method that does not discriminate between non-methylated and methylated sequences. The amplified DNA is subjected to nucleotide sequencing. The resulting sequence is compared to an identical control sample of DNA that was not treated with bisulfite. Unmethylated cytosines will be displayed as cytosines in the control sample and as thymines in the bisulfite-treated sample.	NCIT:C167284
Reverse Phase Protein Array	An antibody-based functional proteomic microarray that can characterize basal protein expression and levels of protein modifications in a series of samples of body fluids or those derived from tissue or cellular lysates.	OBI:0002957
Reverse-Phase High-Performance liquid Chromatography	Liquid chromatography in which the mobile phase is significantly more polar than the nonpolar stationary phase, commonly used to separate small molecules based on hydrophobicity.	CHMO:0001259
Rheometry	The measurement of the flow and deformation behavior of fluids or soft materials in response to applied stress.	CHMO:0000915
Ribo-Seq	A molecular genetic technique that combines chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) with massively parallel DNA sequencing to map the binding sites of DNA-associated proteins in a sample of cells. First, crosslinked protein-DNA complexes are isolated using ChIP. Next, the crosslinks are broken, the proteins are removed and the purified DNA is modified with adaptor oligonucleotides to facilitate massively parallel DNA sequencing. Following sequencing, the DNA sequences that are obtained can be mapped to their genomic locations.	EFO:0008891
Ribosomal P Protein Antibody Measurement	The determination of the ribosomal P protein antibody present in a sample.	NCIT:C120659
Scanning Angle Interference Microscopy	Technique of electron microscopy in which the specimen is coated with heavy metal and then scanned by an electron beam. The resolution is not as great as with transmission electron microscopy, but preparation is easier (often by fixation followed by critical point drying), the depth of focus is relatively enormous, the surface of a specimen can be seen (though not the interior unless the specimen is cracked open) and the image is aesthetically pleasing.	Not available
Scanning Electron Microscopy	Technique of electron microscopy in which the specimen is coated with heavy metal and then scanned by an electron beam. The resolution is not as great as with transmission electron microscopy, but preparation is easier (often by fixation followed by critical point drying), the depth of focus is relatively enormous, the surface of a specimen can be seen (though not the interior unless the specimen is cracked open) and the image is aesthetically pleasing.	NCIT:C16855
Second-Harmonic Imaging Microscopy	An imaging technique that produces spatially resolved images based on the differences in the excited state decay rates of fluorescent compounds in a sample.	mesh:D000073798
Shotgun Mass Spectrometry	An analytical technique wherein ions are separated according to their ratio of charge to mass. From the mass spectrum produced, the atomic weight of the particle can be deduced.	PRIDE:0000429
Single Cell ATAC-Seq	A molecular genetic technique where DNA is isolated from single cell (sc) samples and amplified to create a genomic library. Then the library is subjected to ATAC-seq, which isolates and sequences regions rich in open chromatin.	NCIT:C179458
Single Cell Cytokine Detection Chip Assay	A molecular genetic technique that combines chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) with massively parallel DNA sequencing to map the binding sites of DNA-associated proteins in a sample of cells. First, crosslinked protein-DNA complexes are isolated using ChIP. Next, the crosslinks are broken, the proteins are removed and the purified DNA is modified with adaptor oligonucleotides to facilitate massively parallel DNA sequencing. Following sequencing, the DNA sequences that are obtained can be mapped to their genomic locations.	BAO:0010005
Single Cell DNA Sequencing	The determination of the sequence of purines and pyrimidines in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).	NCIT:C223894
Single Cell Gel Electrophoresis	A rapid, simple, visual and sensitive technique for measuring DNA breakage in individual mammalian cells in response to a test agent. A cell is immobilized in agarose and made permeable and the broken DNA migrates out under the influence of the electric field. A damaged cell has the appearance of a comet with a brightly fluorescent cell body and a tail whose length and fluorescence intensity are related to the number of DNA-strand breaks induced by the test agent.	NCIT:C96515
Single Cell RNA-Sequencing	A procedure that determines the nucleotide sequence of RNA transcripts from an amplified sample derived from a single cell, enabling transcriptomic profiling at single-cell resolution.	NCIT:C171152
Single Molecule Forster Resonance Energy Transfer	A single-molecule variant of Forster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) that measures the distance-dependent energy transfer between two fluorophores on individual molecules to study conformational dynamics and interactions in real time.	ECO:0008187
Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Array	A genomic microarray-based method able to detect single nucleotide polymorphisms.	NCIT:C116151
Single Nucleus RNA-Sequencing	Single nucleus RNA sequencing examines RNA transcript sequence information from individual nuclei rather than whole cells, using optimized next-generation sequencing technologies, useful for tissues difficult to dissociate into intact single cells.	EFO:0009809
Single-Cell BCR Sequencing	A molecular genetic technique where DNA is isolated from single cell (sc) samples and amplified to create a genomic library. Then the library is subjected to ATAC-seq, which isolates and sequences regions rich in open chromatin.	PMID:31428692
Single-Cell Barcode Chip	A molecular genetic technique that combines chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) with massively parallel DNA sequencing to map the binding sites of DNA-associated proteins in a sample of cells. First, crosslinked protein-DNA complexes are isolated using ChIP. Next, the crosslinks are broken, the proteins are removed and the purified DNA is modified with adaptor oligonucleotides to facilitate massively parallel DNA sequencing. Following sequencing, the DNA sequences that are obtained can be mapped to their genomic locations.	Not available
Single-Cell TCR Sequencing	A molecular genetic technique where DNA is isolated from single cell (sc) samples and amplified to create a genomic library. Then the library is subjected to ATAC-seq, which isolates and sequences regions rich in open chromatin.	PMID:30072991
Single-Molecule Tracking	A microscopy technique that follows the spatial position of individual fluorescently labeled molecules over time to study their movement, diffusion, or interaction dynamics within a cell.	mesh:D000072760
Sirius Red Staining	A histological staining technique that uses Sirius Red dye to selectively stain collagen fibers in tissue sections, commonly used to assess fibrosis.	PMID:25023614
Size Exclusion Chromatography	Gel permeation or sieve chromatography that is performed on porous gels that separate solutes on the basis of size. Smaller solutes are included within the particles of the gel matrix more frequently than larger solutes, thus affecting elution rates.	NCIT:C16433
Small-Angle X-ray Scattering	A technique in crystallography in which the pattern produced by the diffraction of x-rays through the closely spaced lattice of atoms in a crystal is recorded and then analyzed to reveal the nature of that lattice.	CHMO:0000204
Soft Agar Assay	Soft agar colony formation assay is performed to assay for anchorage independent growth.	NCIT:C16215
Southern Blotting	Electrophoresis-based technique used in genetic testing to detect large deletions in DNA that can be missed by PCR-based genetic testing methods.	NCIT:C16356
Spectroscopy	The technique of measuring the emission and absorption of different wavelengths (spectra) of visible and non-visible light. This can be done via a spectroscope, which consists of a slit, prism, collimator lens, object lens, and a grating.	NCIT:C17155
Statistical Modeling	The statistical characterization of a system to estimate its future behavior based on past behavior and extrapolation.	NCIT:C16869
Stimulated Emission Depletion Microscopy	The use of various technologies to resolve the structure or features of objects too small or fine to naturally be seen by eye.	PMID:3635273
Stimulated Raman Scattering	Emission of electromagnetic energy with a shorter frequency (longer wavelength) than that of the incident monochromatic light. Arises from the low probability absorption of quanta with a higher energy than that required for a transition: the difference in energy is emitted as a lower frequency (energy) photon. Allows analysis of vibrational and rotational energy levels using visible incident light.	CHMO:0000675
Stochastic Optical Reconstruction Microscopy	The use of various technologies to resolve the structure or features of objects too small or fine to naturally be seen by eye.	FBbi:00000336
Super-Resolution Microscopy	The use of various technologies to resolve the structure or features of objects too small or fine to naturally be seen by eye.	MI:2213
Surface Plasmon Resonance	A quantum optical-electrical phenomena consisting of an alteration in light reflectance as a result of binding of molecules to a surface from which total internal reflection is occurring. Used to detect macromolecular interactions, SPR can be used as the basis for a sensor which is capable of sensitive and quantitative measurement of a broad spectrum of chemical and biological entities.	NCIT:C18117
Surveyor Nuclease Assay	An assay that uses the Surveyor nuclease to detect and cleave DNA at sites of sequence mismatch, commonly used to quantify genome-editing efficiency (e.g., after CRISPR/TALEN treatment).	Not available
Synaptophysin Staining Method	This is an immunohistochemical technique utilizing antibody to synaptophysin, an integral membrane glycoprotein present in presynaptic vesicles in neurons. The antibody labels neuroendocrine cells and neurons of the brain, spinal cord and retina. Used to detect neuroendocrine neoplasms including neuroblastomas, ganglioneuroblastomas, ganglioneuromas, pheochromocytomas, chromaffin, and non-chromaffin paragangliomas.	NCIT:C23029
Synthetic Genetic Array	A molecular biology device that utilizes a set of defined cDNA clones attached in a specific grid arrangement to a solid support for nucleic acid hybridization assays in gene mapping studies or in determining gene sequences, sequence variations, or gene expression patterns.	Not available
TAB-Seq	A molecular genetic technique that combines chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) with massively parallel DNA sequencing to map the binding sites of DNA-associated proteins in a sample of cells. First, crosslinked protein-DNA complexes are isolated using ChIP. Next, the crosslinks are broken, the proteins are removed and the purified DNA is modified with adaptor oligonucleotides to facilitate massively parallel DNA sequencing. Following sequencing, the DNA sequences that are obtained can be mapped to their genomic locations.	PMID:23196972
TCR Sequencing	A DNA sequencing technique that can differentiate cytosine from 5-methylcytosine in a DNA sample. First, a denatured DNA sample is treated with bisulfite which converts non-methylated cytosine to uracil. Next, the sample is amplified using a PCR method that does not discriminate between non-methylated and methylated sequences. The amplified DNA is subjected to nucleotide sequencing. The resulting sequence is compared to an identical control sample of DNA that was not treated with bisulfite. Unmethylated cytosines will be displayed as cytosines in the control sample and as thymines in the bisulfite-treated sample.	NCIT:C189102
TIRF Microscopy	The use of various technologies to resolve the structure or features of objects too small or fine to naturally be seen by eye.	CHMO:0000094
TRAP Staining	A staining method used to demonstrate the presence of acid phosphatase and tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) in osteoclasts.	NCIT:C118401
TUNEL assay	A method to detect apoptosis.	NCIT:C19815
Tandem Mass Spectrometry	Mass spectrometers coupled in series. The targeted compound is selectively ionized, and its characteristic ions are separated from others in the mixture in the first mass spectrometer. The selected primary ions are then decomposed by collision, and from the resulting products the final mass analyzer selects secondary ions characteristic of the targeted compound. Tandem mass spectrometry can achieve specificities and sensitivities equivalent of those of methods such as radioimmunoassay and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, while performing analyses in much shorter times.	NCIT:C18142
Tandem Mass Tagging	Mass spectrometers coupled in series. The targeted compound is selectively ionized, and its characteristic ions are separated from others in the mixture in the first mass spectrometer. The selected primary ions are then decomposed by collision, and from the resulting products the final mass analyzer selects secondary ions characteristic of the targeted compound. Tandem mass spectrometry can achieve specificities and sensitivities equivalent of those of methods such as radioimmunoassay and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, while performing analyses in much shorter times.	NCIT:C18142
Target Engagement Assay	An assay type that examines the interaction of ligands with their target biomolecules.	NCIT:C181182
Targeted Genome Sequencing	A DNA sequencing technique in which selected regions of an individual's genome are sequenced.	NCIT:C158253
Targeted Transcriptome Sequencing	An RNA sequencing technique in which selected RNA transcripts of an individual's genome are sequenced.	NCIT:C158252
Thermal Shift Assay	A molecular biology technique used to detect the interaction of a DNA binding protein with its cognate binding sequence. Labeled DNAs were reacted with crude cell extracts and the complexes are run through a non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel. The migration of the labeled DNA through the gel will be slower by being bound. This shift in electrophoretic mobility indicates functional binding between the protein and the DNA.	BAO:0010261
Thin-Layer Chromatography	A planar chromatography technique in which the stationary phase is a thin layer of sorbent applied to a rigid backing (e.g., glass or aluminum), used to separate mixtures of compounds.	CHMO:0001007
Tiling Array	A molecular biology device that utilizes a set of defined cDNA clones attached in a specific grid arrangement to a solid support for nucleic acid hybridization assays in gene mapping studies or in determining gene sequences, sequence variations, or gene expression patterns.	EFO:0002704
Time Lapse Microscopy	The use of various technologies to resolve the structure or features of objects too small or fine to naturally be seen by eye.	CHMO:0001074
Time-Correlated Single Photon Counting	A fluorescence detection technique that measures the relaxation (decay) rate of excited fluorescent molecules by timing individual detected photons relative to an excitation laser pulse.	CHMO:0001963
Tissue Engineering	Application of the principles of bioengineering to combining scaffolds, cells, and biologically active molecules into functional tissues. The goal of tissue engineering is to assemble functional constructs that restore, maintain, or improve damaged tissues or whole organs.	NCIT:C18075
Tissue Microarray	A device for use in high-throughput molecular analysis/screening of clinical tissue specimens. Tissue microarrays spatially arrange 500-1000 tumor biopsies or other tissue onto a microarray block, which is then sliced into sections for probing DNA, RNA or protein targets to provide coincident analysis of all specimens in the array. Subsequent sections can be analyzed with additional probes.	NCIT:C19922
Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy	The use of a special microscope to see objects that give off fluorescent light. For example, cells or tissue can be treated with a substance that contains a fluorescent dye. The dye lights up when viewed under a microscope with a special light.	CHMO:0000094
Traction Force Microscopy	A technique utilizing a scanning probe to image and analyze the surface of a material with atomic-level resolution.	Not available
Transmission Electron Microscopy	An electron microscopy imaging technique that is utilized to examine structural components of a sample by passing electrons through the specimen.	NCIT:C18216
Transwell Assay	An assay that uses a porous membrane insert (Transwell) to separate two cell compartments, commonly used to measure cell migration, invasion, or barrier permeability.	BAO:0020015
UPLC-MSMS	An analytical technique combining ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) to separate, identify, and quantify compounds such as metabolites or proteins in complex biological samples.	PMID:20061193
UV Photocrosslinking	A technique that covalently crosslinks nucleic acids to interacting proteins using ultraviolet light, used to capture and study protein-nucleic acid interactions.	MI:0430
Unspecified	Not stated explicitly or in detail.	NCIT:C38046
Vibrational Spectroscopy	The technique of measuring the emission and absorption of different wavelengths (spectra) of visible and non-visible light. This can be done via a spectroscope, which consists of a slit, prism, collimator lens, object lens, and a grating.	CHMO:0000628
Virus Plaque Assay	An assay that is used to determine viral quantity by infecting monolayers of host cells with serially diluted virus, covering the monolayers with an immobilizing overlay after a period of incubation to restrict the spread of the virus to neighboring cells, and counting the resulting visible plaques of infected cells.	NCIT:C174336
Von Kossa Staining	A histochemical staining method that detects calcium deposits (e.g., in bone or calcified tissue) using silver nitrate to precipitate calcium phosphates and carbonates.	SNOMED:117008001
Western Blotting	A method for the detection or identification of proteins or peptides that have been separated by gel electrophoresis and transferred onto nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane. The proteins are then detected by reaction with enzymatically labeled or radiolabeled antibody probes.	NCIT:C16357
Whole Exome Sequencing	A procedure that can determine the DNA sequence for all of the exons in an individual.	NCIT:C101295
Whole Genome Bisulfite Sequencing	A procedure that can determine the DNA sequence for nearly the entire genome of an individual.	OBI:0001863
Whole Genome Sequencing	A procedure that can determine the DNA sequence for nearly the entire genome of an individual.	NCIT:C101294
Widefield Fluorescence Microscopy	The use of a special microscope to see objects that give off fluorescent light. For example, cells or tissue can be treated with a substance that contains a fluorescent dye. The dye lights up when viewed under a microscope with a special light.	OBI:0002437
Wound-Healing Assay	A cell-based assay that measures cell motility by creating a 'wound' (gap) in a confluent cell monolayer and capturing the migration of cells to close the gap over time.	ECO:0001099
X-Ray Crystallography	A technique in crystallography in which the pattern produced by the diffraction of x-rays through the closely spaced lattice of atoms in a crystal is recorded and then analyzed to reveal the nature of that lattice.	NCIT:C17672
X-Ray Diffraction	A technique in crystallography in which the pattern produced by the diffraction of x-rays through the closely spaced lattice of atoms in a crystal is recorded and then analyzed to reveal the nature of that lattice.	CHMO:0000156
X-Ray Micro-Computed Tomography	An imaging technique for examining structures within the body by scanning them with X rays and using a computer to construct a series of cross-sectional scans along a single axis.	PMID:28419369
Xenograft	Cells, tissues, or organs from a donor that are transplanted into a recipient of another species.	NCIT:C12932
cDNA Array	A molecular biology device that utilizes a set of defined cDNA clones attached in a specific grid arrangement to a solid support for nucleic acid hybridization assays in gene mapping studies or in determining gene sequences, sequence variations, or gene expression patterns.	NCIT:C19819
eCLIP-Seq	A molecular genetic technique that combines chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) with massively parallel DNA sequencing to map the binding sites of DNA-associated proteins in a sample of cells. First, crosslinked protein-DNA complexes are isolated using ChIP. Next, the crosslinks are broken, the proteins are removed and the purified DNA is modified with adaptor oligonucleotides to facilitate massively parallel DNA sequencing. Following sequencing, the DNA sequences that are obtained can be mapped to their genomic locations.	EFO:0009998
mRNA Sequencing	A procedure that can determine the RNA sequences for all or part of the poly-A tail-containing messenger RNA transcripts in an individual.	NCIT:C129432
qPCR	An application of PCR that measures the products generated during each cycle of the polymerase chain reaction process in order to determine the starting amount of template in the reaction.	NCIT:C51962
scCGI-seq	A molecular genetic technique that combines chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) with massively parallel DNA sequencing to map the binding sites of DNA-associated proteins in a sample of cells. First, crosslinked protein-DNA complexes are isolated using ChIP. Next, the crosslinks are broken, the proteins are removed and the purified DNA is modified with adaptor oligonucleotides to facilitate massively parallel DNA sequencing. Following sequencing, the DNA sequences that are obtained can be mapped to their genomic locations.	Not available
scNT-Seq	A molecular genetic technique that combines chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) with massively parallel DNA sequencing to map the binding sites of DNA-associated proteins in a sample of cells. First, crosslinked protein-DNA complexes are isolated using ChIP. Next, the crosslinks are broken, the proteins are removed and the purified DNA is modified with adaptor oligonucleotides to facilitate massively parallel DNA sequencing. Following sequencing, the DNA sequences that are obtained can be mapped to their genomic locations.	PMID:32868927
scSLAM-seq	A molecular genetic technique that combines chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) with massively parallel DNA sequencing to map the binding sites of DNA-associated proteins in a sample of cells. First, crosslinked protein-DNA complexes are isolated using ChIP. Next, the crosslinks are broken, the proteins are removed and the purified DNA is modified with adaptor oligonucleotides to facilitate massively parallel DNA sequencing. Following sequencing, the DNA sequences that are obtained can be mapped to their genomic locations.	PMID:31292545
seqFISH	seqFISH is an in situ multiplexed imaging method that uses sequential rounds of fluorescence in situ hybridization to identify large numbers of RNA species within intact cells.	EFO:0008991
shRNA	An artificial RNA molecule with a tight hairpin turn that can be used to silence target gene expression via RNA interference (RNAi).	NCIT:C123893
siRNA	A 20 to 25-nucleotide double-stranded RNA which is involved in a sequence-specific messenger RNA degradation process known as RNA interference.	NCIT:C2191
smFISH	Single-molecule RNA FISH, a method for detecting and localizing individual RNA molecules within cells using short, fluorescently labeled oligonucleotide probes.	EFO:0009918
smRNA-seq	A molecular genetic technique that combines chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) with massively parallel DNA sequencing to map the binding sites of DNA-associated proteins in a sample of cells. First, crosslinked protein-DNA complexes are isolated using ChIP. Next, the crosslinks are broken, the proteins are removed and the purified DNA is modified with adaptor oligonucleotides to facilitate massively parallel DNA sequencing. Following sequencing, the DNA sequences that are obtained can be mapped to their genomic locations.	OBI:0002112
snRNA-seq	A molecular genetic technique that combines chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) with massively parallel DNA sequencing to map the binding sites of DNA-associated proteins in a sample of cells. First, crosslinked protein-DNA complexes are isolated using ChIP. Next, the crosslinks are broken, the proteins are removed and the purified DNA is modified with adaptor oligonucleotides to facilitate massively parallel DNA sequencing. Following sequencing, the DNA sequences that are obtained can be mapped to their genomic locations.	EFO:0009809
Isothermal Titration Calorimetry	The measurement of thermodynamic parameters (e.g. enthalpy) at constant temperature during a titration.	CHMO:0000683
Suspended Microchannel Resonator	Particles are weighed in real-time with the suspended microchannel resonator (SMR) as they flow through a hollow cantilever. In addition to weighing particles with femtogram precision, the SMR can also measure mass density with a resolution of 10-4 g/mL. This is possible since the microchannel resonant frequency is determined by the difference in mass of the particle with respect to that of the displaced fluid. Thus, the particle's density is determined by measuring its mass in two fluids of different densities. The SMR can measure the growth of single cells as well as the absorption of biomolecules to microchannel walls. Scaling the current SMR design by ten-fold will result in a thousand-fold improvement in mass resolution (attogram) and thereby enable single viruses to be weighed with high precision.	PMID:17460669
10x Multiome	A single-cell multiomic assay that simultaneously profiles gene expression (RNA) and chromatin accessibility (ATAC) from the same individual cell.	EFO:0030059
Visium Spatial Gene Expression	A spatial transcriptomics method developed by 10x Genomics that measures the whole transcriptome or a defined set of transcripts within intact tissue sections while preserving spatial context.	EFO:0010961
Antitumor Drug Screening Assay	A technique used to assess the effectiveness of a potential antineoplastic agent against tumor cells.	NCIT:C15229
Bioelectrochemical Analysis	The use of an electrochemical cell to measure a qualitative or quantitative response of a biological system.	CHMO:0002504
Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy	Treatment that uses T-cells engineered to express a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) that specifically targets a particular antigen, most commonly used in cancer immunotherapy.	NCIT:C126102
Cell Cycle Assay	An assay that measures the distribution of cells across different phases of the cell cycle (G0/G1, S, G2/M) to evaluate proliferation status or cell cycle perturbations.	BAO:0002041
Clonality Analysis	A molecular analysis performed to determine whether a population of cells is descended from a single progenitor cell.	NCIT:C63327
Comparative Genomic Hybridization	A technique that detects losses and gains in DNA copy number across an entire genome without the need for cell culturing.	NCIT:C18084
Cryo-Electron Microscopy	Electron microscopy performed on an aqueous sample suspension that is applied as an extremely thin film to a grid and rapidly frozen, preserving its near-native structure for imaging.	NCIT:C18113
Cryo-Electron Tomography	A form of electron tomography in which a cryo-preserved specimen is tilted incrementally in a cryogenic transmission electron microscope to acquire a series of images used to reconstruct its 3D structure.	FBbi:00100015
Data Integration	The process of combining data from multiple sources or of different types into a unified, consistent representation for analysis.	T4FS:0000487
Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy	Scanning electron microscopy that uses a field-emission electron source to produce a finely focused, high-resolution electron beam.	CHMO:0000074
Label-free Protein Quantification by LC/MS	A method for quantitating proteins in samples subjected to liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS) without the use of isotopic or chemical labels.	NCIT:C161825
Metabolite Profiling Assay	An assay that detects and identifies small-molecule chemical entities resulting from biochemical and cellular metabolism.	OBI:0000366
Reporter Gene Assay	An assay that uses a reporter gene (e.g., luciferase, GFP, beta-galactosidase) whose measurable expression serves as a readout of the activity of a promoter, enhancer, or other regulatory element.	BAO:0003006
Single-Molecule Localization Microscopy	A super-resolution fluorescence microscopy technique that localizes individual fluorophore molecules with high precision over many imaging cycles to reconstruct an image beyond the diffraction limit.	Not available
Synthesis	The process of producing a chemical compound, usually by the union of simpler chemical compounds.	NCIT:C61408
Targeted Therapy Agent	Any agent that specifically targets or interferes with the synthesis or function of a molecule expressed specifically in or on cells relevant to a disease process, such as a tumor.	NCIT:C163758
Trichrome Staining Method	A histological staining method that uses acid dyes and washes to selectively stain structural elements in tissue samples in three or more contrasting colors, commonly used to visualize collagen and muscle fibers.	NCIT:C23012
Ultrasound Imaging	The use of high-frequency sound waves to generate images of internal body structures.	NCIT:C17230
Transcription profiling by NanoString	A gene expression profiling technique that uses the NanoString nCounter system's multiplexed probe hybridization to capture and digitally count individual mRNA transcripts.	EFO:0030058
Alcian Blue Staining Method	A microscopy staining method that uses Alcian Blue, a cationic copper-containing dye, to detect acidic mucosubstances and glycosaminoglycans in tissue.	NCIT:C92299
Artificial Intelligence	The branch of computer science concerned with creating systems that can perform tasks normally requiring human intelligence, such as learning, reasoning, and problem-solving.	NCIT:C16309
Cell Culture	The maintenance and growth of cells, derived from a strain or cell line, in a controlled laboratory environment outside their original organism.	NCIT:C16396
Clinical Study	Research conducted with human subjects or human-derived material in which an investigator directly interacts with subjects, encompassing clinical trials as well as epidemiologic, behavioral, and health services research.	NCIT:C71104
Cell-free Circulating Tumor DNA Assay	An assay used to detect cell-free circulating tumor DNA in a biological sample, for identification of molecular residual disease and assessment of treatment response.	NCIT:C182622
Co-Immunoprecipitation Mass Spectrometry	A method that combines co-immunoprecipitation (using an antibody to pull down a protein and its binding partners) with mass spectrometry to identify protein-protein interaction partners.	Not available
Deep Learning	A subset of machine learning based on artificial neural networks with multiple layers, capable of learning complex representations directly from data.	NCIT:C176258
Gene Ontology Enrichment Analysis	A statistical method that determines whether genes annotated with particular Gene Ontology (GO) terms are significantly over- or under-represented within a gene list of interest, relative to a background set.	EDAM:operation_3501
Gene Set Enrichment Analysis	An inferential statistical data analysis that determines whether an a priori defined set of genes shows statistically significant, concordant differences in expression between two biological states.	OBCS:0000147
Gene Silencing	The process by which the expression of a specific gene is suppressed, occurring naturally (e.g., via RNA interference or DNA methylation) or induced experimentally as a research tool.	NCIT:C39200
Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Cardiomyocytes Culture	The in vitro culture of cardiomyocytes (heart muscle cells) that have been differentiated from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), used to model cardiac biology and disease.	Not available
Imaging Mass Cytometry	A method that combines laser ablation of tissue specimens with mass spectrometry to image antibodies tagged with isotopically pure metals, enabling highly multiplexed spatial protein detection.	NCIT:C182027
Immunofluorescent Staining Method	A microscopy staining method that uses fluorescently labeled antibodies to detect specific target antigens in preserved cells or tissue.	NCIT:C142337
Immunotherapy	Therapy designed to induce changes in a patient's immune status in order to treat disease, such as cancer.	NCIT:C15262
Viral Transduction	The transfer of genetic material into a cell using a viral vector.	NCIT:C142787
Metastatic Colonization Assay	An in vivo assay that measures the ability of tumor cells to establish and grow secondary colonies at a distant site after introduction into a host organism, modeling the colonization step of metastasis.	Not available
Phylogenetic Analysis	The study of evolutionary relationships among organisms or sequences, typically represented as a branching tree (phylogeny) inferred from molecular or morphological data.	NCIT:C18940
Picrosirius Staining	A histochemical staining method using picric acid and Sirius Red dye to selectively stain collagen fibers, commonly used to assess fibrosis and collagen organization in tissue sections.	SNOMED:51567006
Scratch Assay	A cell-based assay, synonymous with the wound-healing assay, in which a 'scratch' is made in a confluent cell monolayer and the subsequent migration of cells to close the gap is measured over time.	ECO:0001099
Structural Variant Analysis	The computational analysis of sequencing or array data to detect large-scale genomic alterations such as deletions, duplications, insertions, inversions, and translocations.	Not available
Survival Analysis	A statistical method that analyzes the duration of time until an event of interest occurs, such as death, disease recurrence, or treatment failure.	NCIT:C53372
Targeted Error Correction Sequencing	A targeted sequencing approach that incorporates molecular barcoding or redundant sequencing of the same DNA molecule to computationally distinguish true low-frequency variants from sequencing errors.	Not available
Tuba-Seq	Tumor barcoding with ultradeep barcode sequencing	EFO:0008979
SDS-PAGE	A protein assay that allows protein separation by mass in a polyacrylamide-based discontinuous gel.	EFO:0010936
Cell Fractionation	A technique in which sub-cellular components are separated based on their physical properties, such as density in a sucrose density gradient.	MMO:0000679
Multiscale Light Sheet Microscopy	A light-sheet fluorescence microscopy approach that combines imaging at multiple spatial scales (e.g., whole-organism to subcellular) within the same experiment.	OBI:0003098
Light Sheet Microscopy	A fluorescence microscopy technique that captures photons emitted by fluorophores excited with a thin sheet of laser light, illuminating only a thin region of the sample at a time.	OBI:0003098
CODEX	A highly multiplexed cytometric imaging approach that iteratively visualizes many protein targets in a single tissue staining reaction.	NCIT:C181931
in vivo tumor growth	Monitoring of tumor growth (e.g. volume/size over time) in a live animal model, typically as a functional readout rather than a molecular assay.	Not available
in silico synthesis	Computational/simulation-based synthesis of a molecule or construct rather than a wet-lab technique.	Not available
RNA array	A microarray platform used to measure RNA expression levels.	Not available
shRNA-seq	A pooled shRNA screening assay read out by sequencing to identify short hairpin RNA constructs enriched or depleted under a selection condition.	Not available
spatial transcriptomics	A general term for assays that measure RNA expression while preserving spatial location information within a tissue section.	Not available
in vivo PDX viability	A functional viability readout from a patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model.	Not available
histology	Microscopic examination of tissue structure via sectioning and staining.	Not available
proximity extension assay	An antibody-based protein detection method (e.g. Olink) in which paired antibodies with attached DNA oligonucleotides bind a target protein, allowing proximity-dependent DNA amplification and readout.	Not available
compound screen	A screening assay testing multiple chemical compounds for a biological effect.	Not available
metabolic screening	A screening assay assessing metabolic activity or metabolite profiles.	Not available

Attribute: Tissue

Valid Value	Description	Ontology
Gonad	The part of the reproductive system that produces and releases eggs (ovaries) or sperm (testicles/testes).	NCIT:C12725
Abdominal Esophagus	Clinical esophageal segment composed of smooth muscle. It corresponds to the inferior part of the lower third topographic segment of the esophagus. (NCI)	NCIT:C12252
Adipose Tissue	Connective tissue consisting primarily of adipocytes (fat cells) and supporting structural matrix.	NCIT:C12472
Adrenal Gland	The endocrine glands adjacent to the kidneys that consist of the outer adrenal cortex and the inner adrenal medulla in mammals.	NCIT:C12666
Alveolus	Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles (tiny branches of air tubes) in the lungs. The alveoli are where the lungs and the bloodstream exchange carbon dioxide and oxygen. Carbon dioxide in the blood passes into the lungs through the alveoli. Oxygen in the lungs passes through the alveoli into the blood.	NCIT:C12986
Aorta	The major artery of the body; it arises from the left ventricle of the heart and terminally bifurcates into the common iliac arteries.	NCIT:C12669
Artery	A blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to tissues and organs in the body.	NCIT:C12372
Ascending Colon	The first part of the colon (large intestine) that starts in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen and ends at the transverse colon in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen. (NCI)	NCIT:C12265
Bile Duct	Any of the ducts conveying bile between the liver and the intestine, including hepatic, cystic, and common bile duct.	NCIT:C12376
Bladder	The organ that stores urine.	NCIT:C12414
Blood	A tissue with red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and other substances suspended in fluid called plasma. Blood takes oxygen and nutrients to the tissues, and carries away wastes.	NCIT:C12434
Blood Vessel	A tubular structure through which the blood circulates in the body. Blood vessels constitute a network composed of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. (NCI)	NCIT:C12679
Bone	The structural organ comprised of specialized connective tissue that forms the skeletal components of the body.	NCIT:C12366
Bone Marrow	The tissue occupying the spaces of some bones. It consists of blood vessel sinuses and a network of hematopoietic cells.	NCIT:C12431
Brain	An organ composed of grey and white matter containing billions of neurons that is the center for intelligence and reasoning. It is protected by the bony cranium.	NCIT:C12439
Breast	One of two hemispheric projections of variable size situated in the subcutaneous layer over the pectoralis major muscle on either side of the chest. (NCI)	NCIT:C12971
Caecum	The blind pouch forming the beginning of the large intestine, located at its junction with the ileum (small intestine), from which the vermiform appendix arises.	NCIT:C12381
Cancer-Associated Fibroblast	A fibroblast found proximal to or within cancerous tissue.	NCIT:C168534
Cardia	The region of the stomach immediately surrounding the gastroesophageal junction, where the esophagus empties into the stomach.	NCIT:C12256
Cartilage	A type of connective tissue composed of chondrocytes and an extracellular matrix, composed of collagen, elastin, and ground substance. There are three types of cartilage; namely elastic, hyaline, and fibrocartilage.	NCIT:C12373
Cervix Uteri	The portion of the uterus (or uterine horns) that empties into the vagina.	NCIT:C12311
Choroid	A thin layer of tissue that is part of the middle layer of the wall of the eye, between the sclera (white outer layer of the eye) and the retina (the inner layer of nerve tissue at the back of the eye). The choriod is filled with blood vessels that bring oxygen and nutrients to the eye.	NCIT:C12344
Colon	The portion of the large intestine which extends from the cecum (or small intestine in animals that don't have a cecum) to the rectum.	NCIT:C12382
Connective and Soft Tissue	The supporting connective tissue of an organ.	NCIT:C12964
Cornea	The transparent, avascular tissue covering the front of the eye and is continuous with the sclera.	NCIT:C12342
Duodenum	The portion of the small intestine between the stomach and jejunum.	NCIT:C12263
Ear	A sensory organ that contains auditory and vestibular apparatuses.	NCIT:C12394
Embryo	Early stage in the prenatal development of an animal. This stage occurs from implantation until closure of the hard palate.	NCIT:C28147
Embryonic Heart	The rudimentary heart found in the human embryo that begins development during the third week of gestation, and which is formed by paired endocardial heart tubes derived from splanchnic mesenchyme, which subsequently fuse to form the primitive heart.	NCIT:C34153
Endocervix	The portion of the cervix which is lined by single columnar epithelium (mucosa). (NCI)	NCIT:C12309
Endometrium	The mucous membrane comprising the inner layer of the uterine wall; it consists of a simple columnar epithelium and a lamina propria that contains simple tubular uterine glands. The structure, thickness, and state of the endometrium undergo marked change with the menstrual cycle.	NCIT:C12313
Endothelium	The layer of cells that lines the cavities of the heart and of the blood vessels (Endothelium, Vascular) and lymph vessels (Endothelium, Lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body, originating from the mesoderm.	NCIT:C12481
Epithelium	The avascular cellular layers that cover body surfaces and cavities and may form glands.	NCIT:C12710
Esophagus	The portion of the digestive tract between the pharynx and stomach.	NCIT:C12389
Eye	The sensory organ of vision.	NCIT:C12401
Fallopian Tube	The tube through which eggs pass from an ovary.	NCIT:C12403
Foreskin	The loose skin that covers the head of the penis.	NCIT:C33049
Frontal Lobe	The part of the brain located anterior to the parietal lobes at the front of each cerebral hemisphere. (NCI)	NCIT:C12352
Gastroesophageal Junction	The place where the esophagus is connected to the stomach.	NCIT:C32668
Gastrointestinal Tract	The upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract is comprised of mouth, pharynx, esophagus and stomach while the lower GI tract consists of intestines and anus. The primary function of the GI tract is to ingest, digest, absorb and ultimately excrete food stuff. (NCI)	NCIT:C34082
Genitourinary	Of or related to the genital and urinary organs or their functions.	NCIT:C12810
Hair Follicle	A tube-like invagination of the epidermis from which the hair shaft develops and into which the sebaceous glands open; the follicle is lined by a cellular inner and outer root sheath of epidermal origin and is invested with a fibrous sheath derived from the dermis. (NCI)	NCIT:C13317
Head and Neck	The area of the body comprising the skull, facial bones and the cervical vertebrae, sinuses, orbits, salivary glands, oral cavity, oropharynx, larynx, thyroid, facial and neck musculature, soft tissue and lymph nodes draining these areas.	NCIT:C12418
Heart	A hollow organ located slightly to the left of the middle portion of the chest. It is composed of muscle and it is divided by a septum into two sides: the right side which receives de-oxygenated blood from the body and the left side which sends newly oxygenated blood to the body. Each side is composed of two chambers: the atrium (receiving blood) and ventricle (ejecting blood).	NCIT:C12727
Heart Muscle	The muscle tissue of the HEART composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle.	NCIT:C12371
Hematopoietic System	The bodily system of organs and tissues, primarily the bone marrow, spleen, tonsils, and lymph nodes, involved in the production of blood.	NCIT:C12909
Hippocampus	A curved gray matter structure of the temporal lobe lying on the floor of the lateral ventricle of the brain.	NCIT:C12444
Intestine	The portion of the gastrointestinal tract that includes the small and large intestines.	NCIT:C12736
Intra-Abdominal Lymph Nodes	Any lymph node within the abdomen.	NCIT:C12360
Intrathoracic Lymph Nodes	Any lymph node within the thoracic cavity.	NCIT:C12359
Joint	is an organ that constitutes an anatomical junction; it consists of two or more adjacent bones, parts of which are interconnected by organ parts that consist of various types of connective tissue. Together with other joints and bones, a joint constitutes the skeletal system. Example(s): pubic symphysis, knee joint, temporomandibular joint.	NCIT:C13044
Kidney	The organs of the urinary tract located in the retroperitoneal cavity adjacent to the spine and composed of the renal cortex and the renal medulla.	NCIT:C12415
Larynx	The cartilaginous structure of the respiratory tract between the pharynx and the trachea. It contains elastic vocal cords required for sound production.	NCIT:C12420
Ligament	Band of fibrous tissue connecting bone to bone or cartilage to bone thereby supporting or strengthening a joint. (NCI)	NCIT:C13046
Liver	An abdominal organ that has variable lobation which are composed mainly of hepatic lobules.	NCIT:C12392
Lung	One of a pair of viscera occupying the pulmonary cavities of the thorax, the organs of respiration in which aeration of the blood takes place. As a rule, the right lung is slightly larger than the left and is divided into three lobes (an upper, a middle, and a lower or basal), while the left has two lobes (an upper and a lower or basal). Each lung is irregularly conical in shape, presenting a blunt upper extremity (the apex), a concave base following the curve of the diaphragm, an outer convex surface (costal surface), an inner or mediastinal surface (mediastinal surface), a thin and sharp anterior border, and a thick and rounded posterior border.	NCIT:C12468
Lymph	The clear fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infections and other diseases.	NCIT:C13252
Lymph Node	Secondary lymphoid organ associated with lymphatic vessels and consisting of an outer cortex, inner medulla and sinuses.	NCIT:C12745
Lymph Nodes of Axilla or Arm	One of approximately 20-30 lymph nodes in chain formation that traverse the concavity of the underarm to the clavicle.	NCIT:C12904
Lymph Nodes of Inguinal Region or Leg	Any lymph node that is located in the inguinal region or in either leg.	NCIT:C32801
Lymphatic System	The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infections and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and lymphatic vessels (a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells). Lymphatic vessels branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body.	NCIT:C12746
Lymphoid Tissue	Tissue characterized by the presence of large numbers of lymphocytes in different stages of transformation. Connective tissue cells including fibroblasts and macrophages may be present. Lymphoid tissue is framed by a network of reticular fibers and may be diffuse, or densely aggregated.	NCIT:C13049
Main Bronchus	The left and right main bronchi considered as a group.	NCIT:C12284
Mammary Gland	The exocrine glands of the mammae that produce milk in females, and are composed of lobules, alveolar ducts and alveoli.	NCIT:C12367
Meninges	The three thin layers of tissue that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord.	NCIT:C12348
Mesenchyme	Embryonic tissue of mesodermal origin. Develops into connective tissue, blood vessels, and lymphatic tissue.	NCIT:C13301
Mucosa	Mucous membrane.	NCIT:C13166
Muscle	One of the contractile organs of the body.	NCIT:C13056
Nasal Cavity	The upper respiratory tract extending from the nares to the pharynx.	NCIT:C12424
Nervous System	The organized network of nerve tissue in the body. It includes the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord), the peripheral nervous system (nerves that extend from the spinal cord to the rest of the body), and other nerve tissue.	NCIT:C12755
Not Applicable	Determination of a value is not relevant in the current context. (NCI)	NCIT:C48660
Olfactory Mucosa	The part of the nasal mucosa composed of neuroepithelial tissue and mucus-producing Bowman's glands. The mucus moistens the epithelium and helps dissolve odor-containing gases.	NCIT:C33205
Omentum	A fold of the peritoneum (the thin tissue that lines the abdomen) that surrounds the stomach and other organs in the abdomen.	NCIT:C33209
Oral Cavity	The cavity of the mouth.	NCIT:C12421
Oral Mucosa	The mucosal membranes that line the oral cavity.	NCIT:C77637
Ovary	The pair of female reproductive glands in which the ova, or eggs, are formed. The ovaries are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus.	NCIT:C12404
Pancreas	An organ behind the lower part of the stomach that is the shape of a fish and about the size of a hand. It is a compound gland composed of both exocrine and endocrine tissues. The endocrine pancreas makes insulin so that the body can use glucose (sugar) for energy. The exocrine pancreas makes enzymes that help the body digest food. Spread all over the pancreas are areas called the Islets of Langerhans. The cells in these areas each have a special purpose. The alpha cells make glucagon, which raises the level of glucose in the blood; the beta cells make insulin; the delta cells make somatostatin. There are also PP cells and D1 cells, about which little is known.	NCIT:C12393
Pelvic Lymph Nodes	Any lymph node within the pelvic region. (NCI)	NCIT:C12363
Pending Annotation	A placeholder value indicating that the tissue annotation for this record has not yet been finalized and is pending curator review.	NCIT:C53470
Periodontal Ligament	The fibrous connective tissue surrounding the root of a tooth that separates it from and attaches it to the alveolar bone.	BTO:0001020
Peripheral Nerves	The nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord, including the autonomic, cranial, and spinal nerves. Peripheral nerves contain non-neuronal cells and connective tissue as well as axons. The connective tissue layers include, from the outside to the inside, the epineurium, the perineurium, and the endoneurium.	NCIT:C12465
Peritoneum	The tissue that lines the wall of the abdominal cavity, intestine, mesentery, and pelvic organs. It consists of the parietal peritoneum and the visceral peritoneum.	NCIT:C12770
Pharynx	The hollow tube inside the neck that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). The pharynx is about 5 inches long, depending on body size.	NCIT:C12425
Pituitary Gland	The main endocrine gland. It produces hormones that control other glands and many body functions, especially growth.	NCIT:C12399
Placenta	The organ that nourishes the developing fetus in the uterus.	NCIT:C13272
Pleura	The tissue that lines the wall of the thoracic cavity and the surface of the lungs.	NCIT:C12469
Prostate Gland	The walnut shaped accessory sex gland of the male reproductive system. It is located in the pelvis just below the bladder, surrounding the prostatic part of the urethra. The prostate gland secretes a fluid which is part of the semen.	NCIT:C12410
Rectum	The terminal portion of the large intestine extending from the terminus of the colon to the anus or anal canal.	NCIT:C12390
Reproductive System	The organs and tissues involved in the production and maturation of gametes and in their union and subsequent development as offspring.	NCIT:C12841
Respiratory System	The organs that are involved in breathing. These include the nose, throat, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.	NCIT:C12779
Salivary Gland	Any number of exocrine glands that secrete saliva into the oral cavity.	NCIT:C12426
Sclera	The white, opaque, fibrous, outer tunic of the eyeball, covering it entirely excepting the segment covered anteriorly by the cornea. It is essentially avascular but contains apertures for vessels, lymphatics, and nerves. It receives the tendons of insertion of the extraocular muscles and at the corneoscleral junction contains the canal of Schlemm. (From Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)	NCIT:C12784
Sinonasal Tract	The area of the head comprised of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses.	NCIT:C54292
Skin	An organ that constitutes the external surface of the body. It consists of the epidermis, dermis, and skin appendages. (NCI)	NCIT:C12470
Small Intestine	The villous section of the intestine extending from the pylorus to the proximal large intestine.	NCIT:C12386
Spinal Cord	The portion of the central nervous system that lies within the vertebral canal and from which the spinal nerves emerge.	NCIT:C12464
Spleen	An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach.	NCIT:C12432
Stomach	The portion of the gastrointestinal tract located between the esophagus and the proximal duodenum.	NCIT:C12391
Synovial Membrane	The inner layer of the connective tissue that seals the joint.	NCIT:C12473
Tendon	Tough, fibrous, cord-like tissue that connects muscle to bone or another structure, such as an eyeball. Tendons help the bone or structure to move.	NCIT:C13045
Testis	The male gonad.	NCIT:C12412
Thymus	An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone.	NCIT:C12433
Thyroid Gland	Endocrine gland(s) adjacent to the trachea in mammals that produce thyroxine and other hormones.	NCIT:C12400
Tongue	The muscular organ located in the floor of the mouth and serving as the principal organ of taste and modification of the voice in speech.	NCIT:C12422
Tonsil	excludes lingual tonsil C02.4 and pharyngeal tonsil C11.1	NCIT:C12802
Trachea	The fibrocartilaginous, mucous-lined tube passing from the larynx to the bronchi.	NCIT:C12428
Umbilical Cord	Extraembryonic structure that connects the fetus to the placenta. It contains two arteries and one vein.	NCIT:C34320
Unspecified	Not stated explicitly or in detail.	NCIT:C38046
Uterus	The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops.	NCIT:C12405
Vagina	The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body.	NCIT:C12407
Vascular Endothelium	The layer of simple squamous epithelial tissue that lines the luminal surface of the entire circulatory system.	NCIT:C13053
Vein	A blood vessel that carries blood towards the heart.	NCIT:C12814
Vertebra	Any of the ring-shaped bony structures that constitute the spinal column and surround the spinal cord.	NCIT:C12933
Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell	A peripheral blood cell with a single nucleus. This category includes lymphocytes and monocytes.	NCIT:C12954

Attribute: Tumor Type

Valid Value	Description	Ontology
Cutaneous Melanoma	A primary melanoma arising from atypical melanocytes in the skin. Precursor lesions include acquired and congenital melanocytic nevi, and dysplastic nevi. Several histologic variants have been recognized, including superficial spreading melanoma, acral lentiginous melanoma, nodular melanoma, and lentigo maligna melanoma.	NCIT:C3510
Acinar Cell Carcinoma	A malignant glandular epithelial neoplasm consisting of secretory cells forming acinar patterns. Representative examples include the acinar cell carcinoma of the pancreas and the acinar adenocarcinoma of the prostate gland.	NCIT:C3768
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia	Leukemia with an acute onset, characterized by the presence of lymphoblasts in the bone marrow and the peripheral blood. It includes the acute B lymphoblastic leukemia and acute T lymphoblastic leukemia.	NCIT:C3167
Acute Monocytic Leukemia	An acute myeloid leukemia in which the majority of monocytic cells are promonocytes. (WHO, 2001)	NCIT:C4861
Acute Myeloid Leukemia	An aggressive (fast-growing) disease in which too many myeloblasts (immature white blood cells that are not lymphoblasts) are found in the bone marrow and blood.	NCIT:C3171
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia	An acute myeloid leukemia characterized by the predominance of abnormal promyelocytes, most often driven by translocations involving the retinoic acid receptor-alpha (RARA) gene. Over 95% of cases show the reciprocal balanced translocation t(15;17)(q24.1;q21.2), which fuses the PML and RARA genes.	NCIT:C208352
Adenocarcinoma	Cancer that begins in cells that line certain internal organs and that have gland-like (secretory) properties.	NCIT:C2852
Angiosarcoma	A type of cancer that begins in the cells that line blood vessels.	NCIT:C3088
Astrocytoma	A tumor that begins in the brain or spinal cord in small, star-shaped cells called astrocytes.	NCIT:C60781
Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumor	An aggressive malignant embryonal neoplasm arising from the central nervous system. It is composed of cells with a large eccentric nucleus, prominent nucleolus, and abundant cytoplasm. Mutations of the SMARCB1 gene or very rarely SMARCA4 (BRG1) gene are present. The vast majority of cases occur in childhood. Symptoms include lethargy, vomiting, cranial nerve palsy, headache, and hemiplegia.	NCIT:C6906
B Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia	The most frequent type of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Approximately 75% of cases occur in children under six years of age. This is a good prognosis leukemia. In the pediatric age group the complete remission rate is approximately 95% and the disease free survival rate is 70%. Approximately 80% of children appear to be cured. In the adult age group the complete remission rate is 60-85%. (WHO, 2001)	NCIT:C8644
B-Cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma	The most common type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. It includes the most frequently seen morphologic variants which are: diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, small lymphocytic lymphoma and marginal zone B-cell lymphoma.	NCIT:C3457
Barrett Esophagus	Esophageal lesion lined with columnar metaplastic epithelium which is flat or villiform. Barrett epithelium is characterized by two different types of cells: goblet cells and columnar cells. The symptomatology of Barrett esophagus is that of gastro-esophageal reflux. It is the precursor of most esophageal adenocarcinomas. (WHO)	NCIT:C2891
Basal Cell Neoplasm	A neoplastic proliferation of basal cells in the epidermis (part of the skin) or other anatomic sites (most frequently the salivary glands). The basal cell neoplastic proliferation in the epidermis results in basal cell carcinomas. The basal cell neoplastic proliferation in the salivary glands can be benign, resulting in basal cell adenomas or malignant, resulting in basal cell adenocarcinomas.	NCIT:C3784
Basal-Like Breast Carcinoma	A biologic subset of breast carcinoma defined by high expression of genes characteristic of basal epithelial cells, including KRT5 and KRT17, annexin 8, CX3CL1, and TRIM29, and usually by lack of expression of the estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). It is the most common subtype of breast cancer associated with BRCA1 mutations, and is associated with a poor prognosis.	NCIT:C53558
Biliary Tract Carcinoma	A carcinoma arising from the intrahepatic bile ducts, hepatic ducts, common bile duct, cystic duct, or gallbladder.	NCIT:C156781
Bladder Carcinoma	Cancer that forms in tissues of the bladder (the organ that stores urine). Most bladder cancers are transitional cell carcinomas (cancer that begins in cells that normally make up the inner lining of the bladder). Other types include squamous cell carcinoma (cancer that begins in thin, flat cells) and adenocarcinoma (cancer that begins in cells that make and release mucus and other fluids). The cells that form squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma develop in the inner lining of the bladder as a result of chronic irritation and inflammation.	NCIT:C4912
Bladder Neoplasm	A benign or malignant, primary or metastatic neoplasm of the bladder.	NCIT:C2901
Bone Neoplasm	A benign, intermediate, or malignant neoplasm involving the bone or articular cartilage.	NCIT:C9343
Brain Neoplasm	The growth of abnormal cells in the tissues of the brain. Brain tumors can be benign (not cancer) or malignant (cancer).	NCIT:C2907
Breast Adenocarcinoma	The most common histologic type of breast carcinoma. Representative examples include invasive ductal carcinoma not otherwise specified, ductal carcinoma in situ, inflammatory carcinoma, secretory carcinoma, signet ring cell carcinoma, tubular carcinoma, invasive lobular carcinoma, and lobular carcinoma in situ.	NCIT:C5214
Breast Carcinoma	Cancer that forms in tissues of the breast, usually the ducts (tubes that carry milk to the nipple) and lobules (glands that make milk). It occurs in both men and women, although male breast cancer is rare.	NCIT:C4872
Breast Neoplasm	A benign or malignant neoplasm of the breast parenchyma. It can originate from the ducts, lobules or the breast adipose tissue. Breast neoplasms are much more common in females than males.	NCIT:C2910
Carcinoma	Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs.	NCIT:C2916
Carcinoma In Situ	A malignant epithelial neoplasm which is confined to the epithelial layer without evidence of further tissue invasion.	NCIT:C2917
Castration-Resistant Prostate Carcinoma	Prostate carcinoma that grows and continues to spread despite the surgical removal of the testes or medical intervention to block androgen production.	NCIT:C130234
Cellular Schwannoma	A morphologic variant of schwannoma characterized by hypercellularity, Antoni A pattern, and the absence of well-formed Verocay bodies.	NCIT:C4724
Central Nervous System Cavernous Hemangioma	A cavernous hemangioma arising from the central nervous system.	NCIT:C84621
Central Nervous System Neoplasm	A tumor of the central nervous system, including brain stem glioma, craniopharyngioma, medulloblastoma, and meningioma.	NCIT:C9293
Cerebellar Neoplasm	A benign or malignant (primary or metastatic) tumor involving the cerebellum.	NCIT:C2935
Cervical Carcinoma	Cancer that forms in tissues of the cervix (the organ connecting the uterus and vagina). It is usually a slow-growing cancer that may not have symptoms but can be found with regular Pap tests (a procedure in which cells are scraped from the cervix and looked at under a microscope). Cervical cancer is almost always caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection.	NCIT:C9039
Cervical Neoplasm	A benign, malignant, or precancerous neoplasm that affects the cervix.	NCIT:C2940
Cervical Small Cell Carcinoma	A small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma arising from the cervix.	NCIT:C7982
Cholangiocarcinoma	A rare type of cancer that develops in cells that line the bile ducts in the liver. Cancer that forms where the right and left ducts meet is called Klatskin tumor.	NCIT:C4436
Chondroblastoma	A benign, chondroid-producing, well-circumscribed, lytic neoplasm usually arising from the epiphysis of long bones. It is characterized by the presence of chondroblasts, osteoclast-like giant cells, chondroid formation, calcification, and mitotic activity. In aggressive cases, there is rearrangement of the 8q21 chromosome band. It occurs most frequently in children and young adults and rarely metastasizes.	NCIT:C2945
Choriocarcinoma	An aggressive malignant tumor arising from trophoblastic cells. The vast majority of cases arise in the uterus and represent gestational choriocarcinomas that derive from placental trophoblastic cells. Approximately half of the cases develop from a complete hydatidiform mole. A minority of cases arise in the testis or the ovaries. There is often marked elevation of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in the blood. Choriocarcinomas disseminate rapidly through the hematogenous route; the lungs are most frequently affected.	NCIT:C2948
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia	The most common type of chronic lymphoid leukemia. It comprises 90% of chronic lymphoid leukemias in the United States. Morphologically, the neoplastic cells are small, round B-lymphocytes. This type of leukemia is not considered to be curable with available therapy. (WHO, 2001)	NCIT:C3163
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia	A chronic myeloproliferative neoplasm characterized by the expression of the BCR-ABL1 fusion gene. It presents with neutrophilic leukocytosis. It can appear at any age, but it mostly affects middle aged and older individuals. Patients usually present with fatigue, weight loss, anemia, night sweats, and splenomegaly.	NCIT:C3174
Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma	The most common type of kidney cancer. It begins in the lining of the renal tubules in the kidney. The renal tubules filter the blood and produce urine.	NCIT:C4033
Colon Adenocarcinoma	An adenocarcinoma arising from the colon. It is more frequently seen in populations with a Western type diet and in patients with a history of chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Signs and symptoms include intestinal bleeding, anemia, and change in bowel habits. According to the degree of cellular differentiation, colonic adenocarcinomas are divided into well, moderately, and poorly differentiated. Histologic variants include mucinous adenocarcinoma, signet ring cell carcinoma, medullary carcinoma, serrated adenocarcinoma, cribriform comedo-type adenocarcinoma, and micropapillary adenocarcinoma.	NCIT:C4349
Colon Carcinoma	Cancer that forms in the tissues of the colon (the longest part of the large intestine). Most colon cancers are adenocarcinomas (cancers that begin in cells that make and release mucus and other fluids).	NCIT:C4910
Colorectal Adenocarcinoma	The most common type of colorectal carcinoma. It is characterized by the presence of malignant glandular epithelial cells invading through the muscularis mucosa into the submucosa. Histologic variants include mucinous adenocarcinoma, signet ring cell carcinoma, medullary carcinoma, serrated adenocarcinoma, cribriform comedo-type adenocarcinoma, and micropapillary adenocarcinoma.	NCIT:C5105
Colorectal Adenoma	An adenoma that arises from the colon or rectum. The group of colorectal adenomas includes tubular, villous, and tubulovillous adenomas, traditional serrated adenomas, sessile serrated adenomas/polyps, and familial adenomatous polyposis.	NCIT:C5673
Colorectal Carcinoma	Cancer that develops in the colon (the longest part of the large intestine) and/or the rectum (the last several inches of the large intestine before the anus).	NCIT:C2955
Colorectal Neoplasm	A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the colon or rectum. Representative examples of benign neoplasms include lipoma and leiomyoma. Representative examples of malignant neoplasms include carcinoma, lymphoma, and sarcoma. Colorectal adenomas always exhibit epithelial dysplasia and are considered premalignant neoplasms.	NCIT:C2956
Combined Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Cholangiocarcinoma	A rare tumor containing unequivocal elements of both hepatocellular and cholangiocarcinoma that are intimately admixed. This tumor should be distinguished from separate hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma arising in the same liver. The prognosis of this tumor is poor.	NCIT:C3828
Craniopharyngioma	A histologically benign, but locally destructive, partly cystic, epithelial tumor of the sellar region, derived from Rathke pouch epithelium.	NCIT:C2964
Cutaneous T Cell Lymphoma	Any of a group of T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas that begins in the skin as an itchy, red rash that can thicken or form a tumor. The most common types are mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome.	NCIT:C3467
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma	A type of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (cancer of the immune system) that is usually aggressive (fast-growing). It is the most common type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and is marked by rapidly growing tumors in the lymph nodes, spleen, liver, bone marrow, or other organs. Other symptoms include fever, night sweats, and weight loss. There are several subtypes of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.	NCIT:C8851
Ductal Breast Carcinoma In Situ	A noninvasive condition in which abnormal cells are found in the lining of a breast duct. The abnormal cells have not spread outside the duct to other tissues in the breast. In some cases, ductal carcinoma in situ may become invasive cancer and spread to other tissues, although it is not known at this time how to predict which lesions will become invasive.	NCIT:C2924
Dysembryoplastic Neuroepithelial Neoplasm	A neoplasm of the nervous system that arises from the neuroepithelial tissues. Representative examples include astrocytic tumors, oligodendroglial tumors, ependymal tumors, and primitive neuroectodermal tumors.	NCIT:C9505
Endometrial Carcinoma	Cancer that forms in the tissue lining the uterus (the small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis in which a fetus develops). Most endometrial cancers are adenocarcinomas (cancers that begin in cells that make and release mucus and other fluids).	NCIT:C7558
Endometrial Neoplasm	A benign, borderline, or malignant neoplasm that affects the endometrium.	NCIT:C3012
Ependymoma	A type of brain tumor that begins in cells lining the spinal cord central canal (fluid-filled space down the center) or the ventricles (fluid-filled spaces of the brain). Ependymomas may also form in the choroid plexus (tissue in the ventricles that makes cerebrospinal fluid).	NCIT:C3017
Esophageal Adenocarcinoma	A malignant tumor with glandular differentiation arising predominantly from Barrett mucosa in the lower third of the esophagus. Rare examples of esophageal adenocarcinoma deriving from ectopic gastric mucosa in the upper esophagus have also been reported. Grossly, esophageal adenocarcinomas are similar to esophageal squamous cell carcinomas. Microscopically, adenocarcinomas arising in the setting of Barrett esophagus are typically papillary and/or tubular. The prognosis is poor.	NCIT:C4025
Esophageal Carcinoma	Cancer that forms in tissues lining the esophagus (the muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach). Two types of esophageal cancer are squamous cell carcinoma (cancer that begins in flat cells lining the esophagus) and adenocarcinoma (cancer that begins in cells that make and release mucus and other fluids).	NCIT:C3513
Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma	A squamous cell carcinoma arising from the esophagus. It is associated with a long history of tobacco and alcohol abuse and is exceedingly rare before the age of 30. The median age is around 65 in both males and females. It is located mostly in the middle and lower third of the esophagus. Grossly, polypoid, ulcerated, plaque-like and occult lesions have been described. The microscopic features are the same as in other squamous cell carcinomas. Any degree of differentiation may occur, and variation within a single tumor is common. The prognosis is poor.	NCIT:C4024
Ewing Sarcoma	A type of cancer that forms in bone or soft tissue.	NCIT:C4817
Extraventricular Neurocytoma	A WHO grade 2 neoplasm that arises from the brain parenchyma. Morphologically it is characterized by the presence of neoplastic uniform, round cells with neuronal differentiation. Unlike central neurocytoma, it does not involve the lateral ventricles. It usually affects young adults and has a favorable prognosis.	NCIT:C92555
Fibroepithelial Polyp	A polypoid lesion composed of fibrous tissue and epithelium. Representative examples include skin tag, anal fibroepithelial polyp, and gingival fibroepithelial polyp.	NCIT:C3337
Fibrolamellar Carcinoma	A distinctive type of liver cell carcinoma that arises in non-cirrhotic livers and is seen predominantly in young patients. The tumor cells are polygonal and deeply eosinophilic, and are embedded in a fibrous stroma. The prognosis is similar to classical hepatocellular carcinoma that arises in non-cirrhotic livers, and better than hepatocellular carcinoma that arises in cirrhotic livers.	NCIT:C4131
Fibrosarcoma	A malignant mesenchymal neoplasm of the soft tissue and bone.	NCIT:C3043
Follicular Lymphoma	A type of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (cancer of the immune system) that is usually indolent (slow-growing). The tumor cells grow as groups to form nodules. There are several subtypes of follicular lymphoma.	NCIT:C3209
Gallbladder Carcinoma	Cancer that forms in tissues of the gallbladder. The gallbladder is a pear-shaped organ below the liver that collects and stores bile (a fluid made by the liver to digest fat). Gallbladder cancer begins in the innermost layer of tissue and spreads through the outer layers as it grows.	NCIT:C3844
Gastric Adenocarcinoma	An adenocarcinoma arising from the stomach glandular epithelium. Gastric adenocarcinoma is primarily a disease of older individuals. It most commonly develops after a long period of atrophic gastritis and is strongly associated with Helicobacter pylori infection. The lack of early symptoms often delays the diagnosis of gastric cancer. The majority of patients present with advanced tumors which have poor rates of curability. Microscopically, two important histologic types of gastric adenocarcinoma are recognized: the intestinal and diffuse type. The overall prognosis of gastric adenocarcinomas is poor, even in patients who receive a "curative" resection (adapted from Sternberg's Surgical Pathology, 3rd ed., 1999).	NCIT:C4004
Gastric Carcinoma	Cancer that forms in tissues lining the stomach.	NCIT:C4911
Gastric Neoplasm	A benign or malignant neoplasm involving the stomach.	NCIT:C3387
Gastroesophageal Adenocarcinoma	A malignant epithelial neoplasm composed of glandular (adenocarcinoma) cells arising at or near the junction of the esophagus and stomach. It encompasses tumors previously classified as distal esophageal, gastroesophageal junction, or gastric cardia adenocarcinomas.	DOID:0080375
Gastroesophageal Junction Adenocarcinoma	An adenocarcinoma that arises from and straddles the junction of the stomach and esophagus. The category of adenocarcinomas of the gastroesophageal junction also includes the majority of adenocarcinomas previously called gastric cardia adenocarcinomas. Squamous cell carcinomas that affect or cross the junction of the stomach and esophagus are classified as carcinomas of the distal esophagus. Adenocarcinoma of the gastroesophageal junction occurs more often in Caucasian middle aged and elderly males. Clinical signs and symptoms include dysphagia, abdominal pain, and weight loss. The prognosis depends on the completeness of the surgical resection, the number of lymph nodes involved by cancer, and the presence or absence of postoperative complications. The presence of TP53 mutations indicates worse prognosis.	NCIT:C9296
Gastrointestinal Stromal Neoplasm	A type of tumor that usually begins in cells in the wall of the gastrointestinal tract. It can be benign or malignant.	NCIT:C3868
Giant Cell Tumor	A benign, intermediate, or malignant tumor that arises from the bone or soft tissue. It is characterized by the presence of multinucleated osteoclast-like giant cells.	NCIT:C3055
Glioblastoma	The most malignant astrocytic tumor (WHO grade 4). It is composed of poorly differentiated neoplastic astrocytes and is characterized by the presence of cellular polymorphism, nuclear atypia, brisk mitotic activity, vascular thrombosis, microvascular proliferation, and necrosis. It typically affects adults and is preferentially located in the cerebral hemispheres. (Adapted from WHO)	NCIT:C3058
Glioma	A general term for tumors of the central nervous system, including astrocytomas, ependymal tumors, glioblastoma multiforme, and primitive neuroectodermal tumors.	NCIT:C3059
Head and Neck Carcinoma	A carcinoma that arises from the head and neck region. Representative examples include oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma, laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma, and salivary gland carcinoma.	NCIT:C35850
Head and Neck Neoplasm	A carcinoma that arises from the head and neck region. Representative examples include oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma, laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma, and salivary gland carcinoma.	NCIT:C3077
Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma	Cancer of the head and neck that begins in squamous cells (thin, flat cells that form the surface of the skin, eyes, various internal organs, and the lining of hollow organs and ducts of some glands). Squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck includes cancers of the nasal cavity, sinuses, lips, mouth, salivary glands, throat, and larynx (voice box). Most head and neck cancers are squamous cell carcinomas.	NCIT:C34447
Hepatocellular Carcinoma	A type of adenocarcinoma and the most common type of liver tumor.	NCIT:C3099
High Grade Ovarian Serous Adenocarcinoma	A rapidly growing serous adenocarcinoma that arises from the ovary. It is characterized by the presence of high grade cytologic features and frequent mitotic figures.	NCIT:C105555
Histiocytic Sarcoma	An aggressive malignant neoplasm with a poor response to therapy, usually presenting as stage III/IV disease. It is characterized by the presence of neoplastic cells with morphologic and immunophenotypic characteristics similar to those seen in mature histiocytes.	NCIT:C27349
Hodgkin Lymphoma	A malignant neoplasm of the lymphatic system that is comprised of abnormal lymphocytes and is characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells.	NCIT:C9357
Intestinal Neoplasm	A benign or malignant neoplasm involving the small or large intestine.	NCIT:C3141
Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma	A malignant neoplasm of the liver arising from/comprising cells resembling those of bile ducts.	NCIT:C35417
Invasive Ductal Breast Carcinoma	The most common type of invasive breast cancer. It starts in the cells that line the milk ducts in the breast, grows outside the ducts, and often spreads to the lymph nodes.	NCIT:C4194
Kaposi Sarcoma	A type of cancer characterized by the abnormal growth of blood vessels that develop into skin lesions or occur internally.	NCIT:C9087
Leiomyoma	A well-circumscribed benign smooth muscle neoplasm characterized by the presence of spindle cells with cigar-shaped nuclei, interlacing fascicles, and a whorled pattern.	NCIT:C6510
Leukemia	Cancer that starts in blood-forming tissue such as the bone marrow and causes large numbers of blood cells to be produced and enter the bloodstream.	NCIT:C3161
Liver and Intrahepatic Bile Duct Carcinoma	Primary liver cancer is cancer that forms in the tissues of the liver. Secondary liver cancer is cancer that spreads to the liver from another part of the body.	NCIT:C7927
Liver and Intrahepatic Bile Duct Neoplasm	A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the liver parenchyma or intrahepatic bile ducts. Representative examples of benign neoplasms include hepatocellular adenoma, and bile duct adenoma. Representative examples of malignant neoplasms include hepatocellular carcinoma, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, and lymphoma.	NCIT:C7103
Low Grade Glioma	A grade I or grade II glioma arising from the central nervous system. This category includes pilocytic astrocytoma, diffuse astrocytoma, subependymal giant cell astrocytoma, ependymoma, oligodendroglioma, oligoastrocytoma, and angiocentric glioma.	NCIT:C132067
Luminal A Breast Carcinoma	A biologic subset of breast carcinoma defined by high expression of genes characteristic of luminal epithelial cells, including estrogen receptor (ER), estrogen regulated protein LIV-1, and the transcription factors hepatocyte nuclear factor 3, HNF3A, XBP1, and GATA 3. This subtype of breast cancer is associated with a good prognosis.	NCIT:C53554
Lung Adenocarcinoma	A carcinoma that arises from the lung and is characterized by the presence of malignant glandular epithelial cells. There is a male predilection with a male to female ratio of 2:1. Usually lung adenocarcinoma is asymptomatic and is identified through screening studies or as an incidental radiologic finding. If clinical symptoms are present they include shortness of breath, cough, hemoptysis, chest pain, and fever. Tobacco smoke is a known risk factor.	NCIT:C3512
Lung Carcinoma	Cancer that forms in tissues of the lung, usually in the cells lining air passages. The two main types are small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer. These types are diagnosed based on how the cells look under a microscope.	NCIT:C4878
Lung Neoplasm	A benign or malignant, primary or metastatic neoplasm involving the lungs. Representative examples of benign neoplasms include adenoma, papilloma, chondroma, and endobronchial lipoma. Representative examples of malignant neoplasms include carcinoma, carcinoid tumor, sarcoma, and lymphoma.	NCIT:C3200
Lung Non-Small Cell Carcinoma	A group of lung cancers that are named for the kinds of cells found in the cancer and how the cells look under a microscope. The three main types of non-small cell lung cancer are squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma. Non-small cell lung cancer is the most common kind of lung cancer.	NCIT:C2926
Lung Small Cell Carcinoma	An aggressive (fast-growing) cancer that forms in tissues of the lung and can spread to other parts of the body. The cancer cells look small and oval-shaped when looked at under a microscope.	NCIT:C4917
Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma	A carcinoma arising from squamous bronchial epithelial cells. It may be keratinizing or non-keratinizing. Keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma is characterized by the presence of keratinization, pearl formation, and/or intercellular bridges. Non-keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma is characterized by the absence of keratinization, pearl formation, and intercellular bridges. Cigarette smoking and arsenic exposure are strongly associated with squamous cell lung carcinoma.	NCIT:C3493
Lymphoid Leukemia	A type of cancer in which the bone marrow makes too many lymphocytes (white blood cells).	NCIT:C7539
Lymphoma	Cancer that begins in cells of the immune system. There are two basic categories of lymphomas. One kind is Hodgkin lymphoma, which is marked by the presence of a type of cell called the Reed-Sternberg cell. The other category is non-Hodgkin lymphomas, which includes a large, diverse group of cancers of immune system cells. Non-Hodgkin lymphomas can be further divided into cancers that have an indolent (slow-growing) course and those that have an aggressive (fast-growing) course. These subtypes behave and respond to treatment differently. Both Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas can occur in children and adults, and prognosis and treatment depend on the stage and the type of cancer.	NCIT:C3208
Malignant Brain Neoplasm	An abnormal solid mass arising within the brain with histologic features suggesting the potential to metastasize.	NCIT:C3568
Malignant Digestive System Neoplasm	A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving any part of the digestive system.	NCIT:C4890
Malignant Genitourinary System Neoplasm	A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm that affects the genitourinary system.	NCIT:C156484
Malignant Glioma	A malignant neuroglial neoplasm. The term can apply to several primary neoplasm of the brain and spinal cord, including astrocytoma and oligodendroglioma in addition to others.	NCIT:C4822
Malignant Neoplasm	Uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells with potential for metastatic spread.	NCIT:C9305
Malignant Ovarian Neoplasm	Cancer that forms in tissues of the ovary (one of a pair of female reproductive glands in which the ova, or eggs, are formed). Most ovarian cancers are either ovarian epithelial carcinomas (cancer that begins in the cells on the surface of the ovary) or malignant germ cell tumors (cancer that begins in egg cells).	NCIT:C7431
Malignant Pancreatic Neoplasm	A primary or metastatic malignant tumor involving the pancreas. Representative examples include carcinoma and lymphoma.	NCIT:C9005
Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor	An uncommon, highly aggressive malignant tumor, arising from the peripheral nerves and affecting mostly adults in their third to sixth decades of life. It usually occurs in medium-sized and large nerves of the buttock, thigh, upper arm, or the paraspinal region. It may be associated with neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1).	NCIT:C3798
Malignant Peritoneal Neoplasm	Cancer of the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers organs in the abdomen.	NCIT:C3538
Malignant Skin Neoplasm	Cancer that forms in the tissues of the skin. There are several types of skin cancer. Skin cancer that forms in melanocytes (skin cells that make pigment) is called melanoma. Skin cancer that forms in the lower part of the epidermis (the outer layer of the skin) is called basal cell carcinoma. Skin cancer that forms in squamous cells (flat cells that form the surface of the skin) is called squamous cell carcinoma. Skin cancer that forms in neuroendocrine cells (cells that release hormones in response to signals from the nervous system) is called neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin. Most skin cancers form in older people on parts of the body exposed to the sun or in people who have weakened immune systems.	NCIT:C2920
Mantle Cell Lymphoma	An aggressive, usually diffuse non-Hodgkin lymphoma composed of small to medium sized B-lymphocytes (centrocytes). Most patients present with advanced stage disease with lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, and bone marrow involvement. The gastrointestinal tract is the most commonly affected extranodal site by this type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. The vast majority of cases express the t(11;14)(q13;q32) resulting in the rearrangement of the BCL-1 gene and the overexpression of cyclin D1 mRNA.	NCIT:C4337
Marginal Zone Lymphoma	An indolent (slow-growing) type of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma that begins forming in certain areas (the marginal zones) of lymph tissue. There are three types based on whether it forms in the spleen, lymph nodes, or other lymphoid tissue that contains a lot of B cells (a type of white blood cell).	NCIT:C4341
Medulloblastoma	A rapidly progressive cancer of the brain that originates in the cerebellum.	NCIT:C3222
Melanoma	A malignant, usually aggressive tumor composed of atypical, neoplastic melanocytes. Most often, melanomas arise in the skin (cutaneous melanomas) and include the following histologic subtypes: superficial spreading melanoma, nodular melanoma, acral lentiginous melanoma, and lentigo maligna melanoma. Cutaneous melanomas may arise from acquired or congenital melanocytic or dysplastic nevi. Melanomas may also arise in other anatomic sites including the gastrointestinal system, eye, urinary tract, and reproductive system. Melanomas frequently metastasize to lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain.	NCIT:C3224
Meningioma	A usually benign tumor that develops in the meninges.	NCIT:C3230
Mesothelioma	A usually malignant and aggressive neoplasm of the mesothelium which is often associated with exposure to asbestos.	NCIT:C4456
Multiple Myeloma	A type of cancer that begins in plasma cells (white blood cells that produce antibodies).	NCIT:C3242
Mycosis Fungoides	A type of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma that first appears on the skin and can spread to the lymph nodes or other organs such as the spleen, liver, or lungs.	NCIT:C3246
Myeloid Leukemia	A progressive, proliferative disease of blood cells, originating from immature granulocytes.	NCIT:C3172
Myeloid Neoplasm	Proliferation of myeloid cells originating from a primitive stem cell.	NCIT:C9290
Myeloproliferative Neoplasm	A group of slow growing blood cancers, including chronic myelogenous leukemia, in which large numbers of abnormal red blood cells, white blood cells, or platelets grow and spread in the bone marrow and the peripheral blood.	NCIT:C4345
Myoepithelioma	A tumor composed predominantly of myoepithelial cells, the contractile cells that normally surround the secretory acini of glandular tissue such as the salivary or breast glands. It is usually benign, though malignant myoepithelial tumors (myoepithelial carcinoma) also occur.	NCIT:C40392
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma	Cancer that forms in tissues of the nasopharynx (upper part of the throat behind the nose). Most nasopharyngeal cancers are squamous cell carcinomas (cancer that begins in flat cells lining the nasopharynx).	NCIT:C3871
Neuroblastoma	Cancer that arises in immature nerve cells and affects mostly infants and children.	NCIT:C3270
Neuroendocrine Neoplasm	An epithelial neoplasm with neuroendocrine differentiation. This category includes neuroendocrine tumors, neuroendocrine carcinomas, and paragangliomas.	NCIT:C3809
Neuroepithelial Neoplasm	A neoplasm of the nervous system that arises from the neuroepithelial tissues. Representative examples include astrocytic tumors, oligodendroglial tumors, ependymal tumors, and primitive neuroectodermal tumors.	NCIT:C3787
Neurofibroma	An intraneural or extraneural neoplasm arising from nerve tissues and neural sheaths. It is composed of perineurial-like fibroblasts and Schwann cells. It usually presents as a localized cutaneous lesion and less often as a circumscribed peripheral nerve mass. Patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 present with multiple masses. Neurofibromas which arise from major nerves and plexiform neurofibromas are precursor lesions to malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors.	NCIT:C3272
Non-Functioning Pituitary Gland Adenoma	A hormone producing or non-producing pituitary neuroendocrine tumor not associated with a hormonal syndrome.	NCIT:C4348
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma	Distinct from Hodgkin lymphoma both morphologically and biologically, non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is characterized by the absence of Reed-Sternberg cells, can occur at any age, and usually presents as a localized or generalized lymphadenopathy associated with fever and weight loss. The clinical course varies according to the morphologic type. NHL is clinically classified as indolent, aggressive, or having a variable clinical course. NHL can be of B-or T-/NK-cell lineage.	NCIT:C3211
Not Applicable	Determination of a value is not relevant in the current context. (NCI)	NCIT:C48660
Oral Cavity Neoplasm	A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the oral cavity.	NCIT:C7606
Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma	A type of mass spectrometry that uses the cyclotron frequency of ions in a fixed magnetic field to determine their ionic mass-to-charge ratio.	NCIT:C4833
Oropharyngeal Neoplasm	A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the oropharynx.	NCIT:C3291
Osteosarcoma	A usually aggressive malignant bone-forming mesenchymal neoplasm, predominantly affecting adolescents and young adults. It usually involves bones and less frequently extraosseous sites. It often involves the long bones (particularly distal femur, proximal tibia, and proximal humerus). Pain with or without a palpable mass is the most frequent clinical symptom. It may spread to other anatomic sites, particularly the lungs.	NCIT:C9145
Ovarian Adenosarcoma	A biphasic neoplasm that arises from the ovary and is characterized by the presence of mullerian-type epithelial tissue in a mesenchymal sarcomatous stroma. The presence of a high grade sarcomatous component is associated with recurrences and metastases.	NCIT:C7317
Ovarian Carcinoma	Cancer that occurs in the cells lining the ovaries.	NCIT:C4908
Ovarian Neoplasm	A benign, borderline, or malignant neoplasm involving the ovary.	NCIT:C4984
Ovarian Serous Adenocarcinoma	An adenocarcinoma that arises from the ovary and is characterized by the presence of malignant epithelial cells that, in well differentiated tumors, resemble the epithelium of the fallopian tube or, in poorly differentiated tumors, show anaplastic features and marked nuclear atypia.	NCIT:C7550
Pan-cancer	A term describing analyses, datasets, or studies that span and compare multiple different cancer/tumor types together, rather than being limited to a single cancer type, in order to identify shared or distinguishing molecular and clinical features across cancers.	Not available
Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma	An adenocarcinoma which arises from the exocrine pancreas. Ductal adenocarcinoma and its variants are the most common types of pancreatic adenocarcinoma.	NCIT:C8294
Pancreatic Carcinoma	A disease in which malignant (cancer) cells are found in the tissues of the pancreas.	NCIT:C207229
Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma	An infiltrating adenocarcinoma that arises from the epithelial cells of the pancreas. It affects males more often than females and the patients are usually over 50 years of age. Microscopically it is characterized by the presence of glandular (ductal) differentiation and desmoplastic stroma formation. Signs and symptoms include pain, loss of weight, and jaundice. It grows rapidly and is usually detected after it has metastasized to other anatomic sites. The prognosis is usually poor.	NCIT:C9120
Pancreatic Neoplasm	A benign or malignant neoplasm involving the pancreas.	NCIT:C3305
Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Carcinoma	Cancer arising from cells in the islets of Langerhans, which are found in the pancreas.	NCIT:C3770
Pending Annotation	An administrative placeholder value indicating that a definitive tumor/cancer type has not yet been curated or assigned for this record; the classification is awaiting manual annotation review.	NCIT:C53470
Penile Carcinoma	A rare cancer that forms in the penis (an external male reproductive organ). Most penile cancers are squamous cell carcinomas (cancer that begins in flat cells lining the penis).	NCIT:C9061
Pheochromocytoma	Tumor that forms in the center of the adrenal gland (gland located above the kidney) that causes it to make too much adrenaline. Pheochromocytomas are usually benign (not cancer) but can cause high blood pressure, pounding headaches, heart palpitations, flushing of the face, nausea, and vomiting.	NCIT:C3326
Pilocytic Astrocytoma	A WHO grade 1, relatively circumscribed, slowly growing, often cystic astrocytoma occurring in children and young adults. Histologically it is characterized by a biphasic pattern with compacted bipolar cells associated with Rosenthal fibers and multipolar cells associated with microcysts and eosinophilic bodies/hyaline droplets. (WHO)	NCIT:C4047
Pituitary Gland Adenoma	A well-differentiated neuroendocrine neoplasm that arises from the adenohypophysial cells of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. The tumor can be hormonally functioning or not. It has a low frequency of metastatic spread. When metastatic, the term metastatic pituitary neuroendocrine tumor is endorsed instead of pituitary carcinoma. (WHO)	NCIT:C3329
Plasmablastic Lymphoma	An aggressive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma frequently arising in the setting of HIV infection and characterized by the presence of large neoplastic cells resembling B-immunoblasts which have the immunophenotypic profile of plasma cells. Sites of involvement include the oral cavity, sinonasal cavity, skin, soft tissues, gastrointestinal tract, and bone.	NCIT:C7224
Plasmacytoma	A type of cancer that begins in plasma cells (white blood cells that produce antibodies). A plasmacytoma may turn into multiple myeloma.	NCIT:C9349
Plexiform Schwannoma	A schwannoma characterized by a plexiform or multinodular growth pattern. It usually arises from the skin or subcutaneous tissues in the extremities, trunk, and head and neck.	NCIT:C6969
Precursor B-cell lymphoblastic leukemia	The most frequent type of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Approximately 75% of cases occur in children under six years of age. This is a good prognosis leukemia. In the pediatric age group the complete remission rate is approximately 95% and the disease free survival rate is 70%. Approximately 80% of children appear to be cured. In the adult age group the complete remission rate is 60-85%. (WHO, 2001)	NCIT:C8936
Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma	Primary CNS lymphomas are extranodal malignant lymphomas arising in the CNS in the absence of obvious lymphoma outside the nervous system at the time of diagnosis. They should be differentiated from secondary involvement of the nervous system in systemic lymphomas. The incidence of primary CNS lymphomas has recently increased markedly worldwide from about 1% to over 6% of primary intracranial neoplasms due mainly as a consequence of the AIDS epidemic. Primary CNS lymphomas affect all ages, with a peak incidence in immunocompetent subjects during the sixth and seventh decade of life and a male:female ratio of 3:2. In immunocompromised patients, the age at manifestation is lowest in individuals who have an inherited immunodeficiency (10 years), followed by transplant recipients (37 years) and AIDS patients (39 years, 90% males). About 60% of primary CNS lymphomas involve the supratentorial space, including the frontal (15%), temporal (8%), parietal (7%) and occipital (3%) lobes, basal ganglia/periventricular regions (10%) and corpus callosum (5%), the posterior fossa (13%), and the spinal cord (1%). The majority of primary CNS lymphomas are large B-cell lymphomas, often associated with the Epstein-Barr virus. (Adapted from WHO.)	NCIT:C9301
Primary Myelofibrosis	A progressive, chronic disease in which the bone marrow is replaced by fibrous tissue and blood is made in organs such as the liver and the spleen, instead of in the bone marrow. This disease is marked by an enlarged spleen and progressive anemia.	NCIT:C2862
Prostate Adenocarcinoma	An adenocarcinoma arising from the prostate gland. It is one of the most common malignant tumors afflicting men. The majority of adenocarcinomas arise in the peripheral zone and a minority occurs in the central or the transitional zone of the prostate gland. Grading of prostatic adenocarcinoma predicts disease progression and correlates with survival. Several grading systems have been proposed, of which the Gleason system is the most commonly used. Gleason sums of 2 to 4 represent well-differentiated disease, 5 to 7 moderately differentiated disease and 8 to 10 poorly differentiated disease. Prostatic-specific antigen (PSA) serum test is widely used as a screening test for the early detection of prostatic adenocarcinoma. Treatment options include radical prostatectomy, radiation therapy, androgen ablation and cryotherapy. Watchful waiting or surveillance alone is an option for older patients with low-grade or low-stage disease.	NCIT:C2919
Prostate Carcinoma	One of the most common malignant tumors afflicting men. The majority of carcinomas arise in the peripheral zone and a minority occur in the central or the transitional zone of the prostate gland. Grossly, prostatic carcinomas appear as ill-defined yellow areas of discoloration in the prostate gland lobes. Adenocarcinomas represent the overwhelming majority of prostatic carcinomas. Prostatic-specific antigen (PSA) serum test is widely used as a screening test for the early detection of prostatic carcinoma. Treatment options include radical prostatectomy, radiation therapy, androgen ablation and cryotherapy. Watchful waiting or surveillance alone is an option for older patients with low-grade or low-stage disease.	NCIT:C4863
Prostate Neoplasm	A benign, borderline, or malignant neoplasm that affects the prostate gland. Representative examples include benign prostate phyllodes tumor, prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, prostate carcinoma, and prostate sarcoma.	NCIT:C3343
Rectal Adenocarcinoma	An adenocarcinoma arising from the rectum. It is more frequently seen in populations with a Western type diet and in patients with a history of chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Signs and symptoms include intestinal bleeding, anemia, and change in bowel habits. According to the degree of cellular differentiation, rectal adenocarcinomas are divided into well, moderately, and poorly differentiated. Histologic variants include mucinous adenocarcinoma, signet ring cell carcinoma, medullary carcinoma, serrated adenocarcinoma, cribriform comedo-type adenocarcinoma, and micropapillary adenocarcinoma.	NCIT:C9383
Renal Cell Carcinoma	The most common type of kidney cancer. It begins in the lining of the renal tubules in the kidney. The renal tubules filter the blood and produce urine.	NCIT:C9385
Retinoblastoma	Cancer that forms in the tissues of the retina (the light-sensitive layers of nerve tissue at the back of the eye). Retinoblastoma usually occurs in children younger than 5 years. It may be hereditary or nonhereditary (sporadic).	NCIT:C7541
Rhabdomyosarcoma	Cancer that forms in the soft tissues in a type of muscle called striated muscle. Rhabdomyosarcoma can occur anywhere in the body.	NCIT:C3359
Rosette-Forming Glioneuronal Tumor	A central nervous system neoplasm mostly occurring in the fourth ventricle region. It is characterized by the presence of neurocytes forming pseudorosettes and astrocytes which contain Rosenthal fibers. Cytologic atypia is minimal.	NCIT:C129431
Salivary Gland Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma	An adenoid cystic carcinoma arising from the salivary gland. It is characterized by the presence of epithelial and myoepithelial cells forming tubular, cribriform, and solid patterns. It usually presents as a slow growing mass. Patients may experience pain because of the tumor propensity for perineural invasion. The tumor may follow an aggressive clinical course with recurrences and mestastases to distant sites including lungs, bones, brain, and liver.	NCIT:C8026
Sarcoma	A usually aggressive malignant neoplasm of the soft tissue or bone. It arises from muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, bone, cartilage, and blood vessels. Sarcomas occur in both children and adults. The prognosis depends largely on the degree of differentiation (grade) of the neoplasm. Representative subtypes are liposarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, osteosarcoma, and chondrosarcoma.	NCIT:C9118
Schwannoma	A tumor of the peripheral nervous system that arises in the nerve sheath (protective covering). It is almost always benign, but rare malignant schwannomas have been reported.	NCIT:C3269
Serous Tubal Intraepithelial Carcinoma	A non-invasive serous carcinoma arising from the fallopian tube.	NCIT:C126449
Sinonasal Squamous Cell Carcinoma	A rare, keratinizing or non-keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma arising from the mucosal epithelium of the nasal cavity or the paranasal sinuses. It affects most often the maxillary sinus. Less frequently, it arises from the nasal cavity, ethmoid sinus, sphenoid sinus, and frontal sinus. Symptoms include nasal fullness, epistaxis, rhinorhea, pain, and paresthesia. Patients with nasal squamous cell carcinoma usually present earlier than patients with maxillary sinus carcinoma and have a better prognosis compared to the latter group.	NCIT:C68611
Skin Carcinoma	Skin cancer that arises in basal cells or squamous cells but not in melanocytes (pigment-producing cells of the skin).	NCIT:C4914
Skin Neoplasm	A benign, intermediate, or malignant neoplasm involving the skin.	NCIT:C3372
Soft Tissue Sarcoma	A solid, malignant neoplasm originating in muscle, tendon, fat, blood vessels, nerves, connective or joint tissue.	NCIT:C9306
Squamous Cell Carcinoma	Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells that look like fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts.	NCIT:C2929
Synovial Sarcoma	A malignant tumor that develops in the synovial membrane of the joints.	NCIT:C3400
T Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia	An aggressive (fast-growing) type of leukemia (blood cancer) in which too many T-cell lymphoblasts (immature white blood cells) are found in the bone marrow and blood.	NCIT:C3183
T-Cell Lymphoma	A non-Hodgkin lymphoma of T-cell lineage. It includes the T lymphoblastic lymphoma and the mature T- and NK-cell lymphomas.	NCIT:C3466
Teratoma	A type of germ cell tumor that may contain several different types of tissue, such as hair, muscle, and bone. Teratomas occur most often in the ovaries in women, the testicles in men, and the tailbone in children. Not all teratomas are malignant.	NCIT:C3403
Testicular Embryonal Carcinoma	A malignant germ cell neoplasm arising from the testis. It is composed of primitive epithelial cells arranged in solid, papillary, and glandular configurations. Most patients present with a testicular mass, which may be associated with pain. More than half of the patients have metastatic disease at diagnosis. The form of treatment following radical orchiectomy is stage dependent.	NCIT:C6341
Thyroid Gland Anaplastic Carcinoma	An aggressive carcinoma of the thyroid gland composed of undifferentiated cells.	NCIT:C3878
Thyroid Gland Carcinoma	Cancer that forms in the thyroid gland (an organ at the base of the throat that makes hormones that help control heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature, and weight). Four main types of thyroid cancer are papillary, follicular, medullary, and anaplastic thyroid cancer. The four types are based on how the cancer cells look under a microscope.	NCIT:C4815
Thyroid Gland Noninvasive Follicular Neoplasm with Papillary-Like Nuclear Features	A non-invasive neoplasm of thyroid follicular cells with a follicular growth pattern and nuclear features of papillary thyroid carcinoma that has an extremely low malignant potential. These tumors were formerly classified as non-invasive encapsulated follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma or well-differentiated tumor of uncertain malignant potential. (WHO)	NCIT:C126598
Triple-Negative Breast Carcinoma	An invasive breast carcinoma which is negative for expression of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2).	NCIT:C71732
Urothelial Carcinoma	A malignant neoplasm derived from the transitional epithelium of the urinary tract (urinary bladder, ureter, urethra, or renal pelvis). It is frequently papillary.	NCIT:C4030
Uterine Adenosarcoma	A primary malignant neoplasm of the uterine corpus characterized by a sarcomatous (malignant) mesenchymal component combined with a benign glandular epithelial component. It is generally a low-grade tumor that can recur locally following resection.	NCIT:C6336
Uveal Melanoma	A rare cancer of melanocytes (cells that produce the pigment melanin) found in the eye.	NCIT:C7712
Uveal Neoplasm	A neoplasm that affects the uvea. Uveal melanoma is a representative example.	NCIT:C3436
Vascular Neoplasm	A benign, intermediate, or malignant neoplasm arising from vascular tissue including arteries, veins, venous sinuses, lymphatic vessels, arterioles and capillaries. It may occur in essentially any body location and is characterized by the presence of vascular channel formation and endothelial cells.	NCIT:C7388
Not-Applicable	Determination of a value is not relevant in the current context. (NCI)	NCIT:C48660
Plexiform Neurofibroma	An elongated and multinodular neurofibroma that forms when the tumor involves either multiple trunks of a nerve plexus or multiple fascicles of a large nerve. Some plexiform neurofibromas resemble a 'bag of worms', while others produce a massive ropy enlargement of the nerve. (Adapted from WHO)	NCIT:C3797

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CC-BY-SA-3.0	Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike 3.0 Unported	SPDX:CC-BY-SA-3.0
CC-BY-SA-4.0	Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike 4.0 International	SPDX:CC-BY-SA-4.0
CC0-1.0	Creative Commons Zero v1.0 Universal	SPDX:CC0-1.0
CDDL-1.0	Common Development and Distribution License 1.0	SPDX:CDDL-1.0
CDDL-1.1	Common Development and Distribution License 1.1	SPDX:CDDL-1.1
CECILL-1.0	CeCILL Free Software License Agreement v1.0	SPDX:CECILL-1.0
CECILL-1.1	CeCILL Free Software License Agreement v1.1	SPDX:CECILL-1.1
CECILL-2.0	CeCILL Free Software License Agreement v2.0	SPDX:CECILL-2.0
CECILL-2.1	CeCILL Free Software License Agreement v2.1	SPDX:CECILL-2.1
CECILL-B	CeCILL-B Free Software License Agreement	SPDX:CECILL-B
CECILL-C	CeCILL-C Free Software License Agreement	SPDX:CECILL-C
CNRI-Jython	CNRI Jython License	SPDX:CNRI-Jython
CNRI-Python	CNRI Python License	SPDX:CNRI-Python
CNRI-Python-GPL-Compatible	CNRI Python Open Source GPL Compatible License Agreement	SPDX:CNRI-Python-GPL-Compatible
CPAL-1.0	Common Public Attribution License 1.0	SPDX:CPAL-1.0
CPL-1.0	Common Public License 1.0	SPDX:CPL-1.0
CPOL-1.02	Code Project Open License 1.02	SPDX:CPOL-1.02
CUA-OPL-1.0	CUA Office Public License v1.0	SPDX:CUA-OPL-1.0
Caldera	Caldera License	SPDX:Caldera
ClArtistic	Clarified Artistic License	SPDX:ClArtistic
Condor-1.1	Condor Public License v1.1	SPDX:Condor-1.1
Crossword	Crossword License	SPDX:Crossword
CrystalStacker	CrystalStacker License	SPDX:CrystalStacker
Cube	Cube License	SPDX:Cube
D-FSL-1.0	Deutsche Freie Software Lizenz	SPDX:D-FSL-1.0
DOC	DOC License	SPDX:DOC
DSDP	DSDP License	SPDX:DSDP
Dotseqn	Dotseqn License	SPDX:Dotseqn
ECL-1.0	Educational Community License v1.0	SPDX:ECL-1.0
ECL-2.0	Educational Community License v2.0	SPDX:ECL-2.0
EFL-1.0	Eiffel Forum License v1.0	SPDX:EFL-1.0
EFL-2.0	Eiffel Forum License v2.0	SPDX:EFL-2.0
EPL-1.0	Eclipse Public License 1.0	SPDX:EPL-1.0
EUDatagrid	EU DataGrid Software License	SPDX:EUDatagrid
EUPL-1.0	European Union Public License 1.0	SPDX:EUPL-1.0
EUPL-1.1	European Union Public License 1.1	SPDX:EUPL-1.1
Entessa	Entessa Public License v1.0	SPDX:Entessa
ErlPL-1.1	Erlang Public License v1.1	SPDX:ErlPL-1.1
Eurosym	Eurosym License	SPDX:Eurosym
FSFAP	FSF All Permissive License	SPDX:FSFAP
FSFUL	FSF Unlimited License	SPDX:FSFUL
FSFULLR	FSF Unlimited License (with License Retention)	SPDX:FSFULLR
FTL	Freetype Project License	SPDX:FTL
Fair	Fair License	SPDX:Fair
Frameworx-1.0	Frameworx Open License 1.0	SPDX:Frameworx-1.0
FreeImage	FreeImage Public License v1.0	SPDX:FreeImage
Freeware	Software made available to use at no monetary cost, without necessarily granting the rights to modify, redistribute, or access the source code that an open-source license would.	SPDX:Freeware
GFDL-1.1	GNU Free Documentation License v1.1	SPDX:GFDL-1.1
GFDL-1.2	GNU Free Documentation License v1.2	SPDX:GFDL-1.2
GFDL-1.3	GNU Free Documentation License v1.3	SPDX:GFDL-1.3
GL2PS	GL2PS License	SPDX:GL2PS
GPL-1.0	GNU General Public License v1.0 only	SPDX:GPL-1.0
GPL-2.0	GNU General Public License v2.0 only	SPDX:GPL-2.0
GPL-3.0	GNU General Public License v3.0 only	SPDX:GPL-3.0
Giftware	Giftware License	SPDX:Giftware
Glide	3dfx Glide License	SPDX:Glide
Glulxe	Glulxe License	SPDX:Glulxe
HPND	Historical Permission Notice and Disclaimer	SPDX:HPND
HaskellReport	Haskell Language Report License	SPDX:HaskellReport
IBM-pibs	IBM PowerPC Initialization and Boot Software	SPDX:IBM-pibs
ICU	ICU License	SPDX:ICU
IJG	Independent JPEG Group License	SPDX:IJG
IPA	IPA Font License	SPDX:IPA
IPL-1.0	IBM Public License v1.0	SPDX:IPL-1.0
ISC	ISC License	SPDX:ISC
ImageMagick	ImageMagick License	SPDX:ImageMagick
Imlib2	Imlib2 License	SPDX:Imlib2
Info-ZIP	Info-ZIP License	SPDX:Info-ZIP
Intel	Intel Open Source License	SPDX:Intel
Intel-ACPI	Intel ACPI Software License Agreement	SPDX:Intel-ACPI
Interbase-1.0	Interbase Public License v1.0	SPDX:Interbase-1.0
JSON	JSON License	SPDX:JSON
JasPer-2.0	JasPer License	SPDX:JasPer-2.0
LAL-1.2	Licence Art Libre 1.2	SPDX:LAL-1.2
LAL-1.3	Licence Art Libre 1.3	SPDX:LAL-1.3
LGPL-2.0	GNU Library General Public License v2 only	SPDX:LGPL-2.0
LGPL-2.1	GNU Lesser General Public License v2.1 only	SPDX:LGPL-2.1
LGPL-3.0	GNU Lesser General Public License v3.0 only	SPDX:LGPL-3.0
LGPLLR	Lesser General Public License For Linguistic Resources	SPDX:LGPLLR
LPL-1.0	Lucent Public License Version 1.0	SPDX:LPL-1.0
LPL-1.02	Lucent Public License v1.02	SPDX:LPL-1.02
LPPL-1.0	LaTeX Project Public License v1.0	SPDX:LPPL-1.0
LPPL-1.1	LaTeX Project Public License v1.1	SPDX:LPPL-1.1
LPPL-1.2	LaTeX Project Public License v1.2	SPDX:LPPL-1.2
LPPL-1.3a	LaTeX Project Public License v1.3a	SPDX:LPPL-1.3a
LPPL-1.3c	LaTeX Project Public License v1.3c	SPDX:LPPL-1.3c
Latex2e	Latex2e License	SPDX:Latex2e
Leptonica	Leptonica License	SPDX:Leptonica
LiLiQ-P-1.1	Licence Libre du Québec – Permissive version 1.1	SPDX:LiLiQ-P-1.1
LiLiQ-R-1.1	Licence Libre du Québec – Réciprocité version 1.1	SPDX:LiLiQ-R-1.1
LiLiQ-Rplus-1.1	Licence Libre du Québec – Réciprocité forte version 1.1	SPDX:LiLiQ-Rplus-1.1
Libpng	libpng License	SPDX:Libpng
MIT	MIT License	SPDX:MIT
MIT-CMU	CMU License	SPDX:MIT-CMU
MIT-advertising	Enlightenment License (e16)	SPDX:MIT-advertising
MIT-enna	enna License	SPDX:MIT-enna
MIT-feh	feh License	SPDX:MIT-feh
MITNFA	MIT +no-false-attribs license	SPDX:MITNFA
MPL-1.0	Mozilla Public License 1.0	SPDX:MPL-1.0
MPL-1.1	Mozilla Public License 1.1	SPDX:MPL-1.1
MPL-2.0	Mozilla Public License 2.0	SPDX:MPL-2.0
MPL-2.0-no-copyleft-exception	Mozilla Public License 2.0 (no copyleft exception)	SPDX:MPL-2.0-no-copyleft-exception
MS-PL	Microsoft Public License	SPDX:MS-PL
MS-RL	Microsoft Reciprocal License	SPDX:MS-RL
MTLL	Matrix Template Library License	SPDX:MTLL
MakeIndex	MakeIndex License	SPDX:MakeIndex
MirOS	The MirOS Licence	SPDX:MirOS
Motosoto	Motosoto License	SPDX:Motosoto
Multics	Multics License	SPDX:Multics
Mup	Mup License	SPDX:Mup
NASA-1.3	NASA Open Source Agreement 1.3	SPDX:NASA-1.3
NBPL-1.0	Net Boolean Public License v1	SPDX:NBPL-1.0
NCSA	University of Illinois/NCSA Open Source License	SPDX:NCSA
NGPL	Nethack General Public License	SPDX:NGPL
NLOD-1.0	Norwegian Licence for Open Government Data (NLOD) 1.0	SPDX:NLOD-1.0
NLPL	No Limit Public License	SPDX:NLPL
NOSL	Netizen Open Source License	SPDX:NOSL
NPL-1.0	Netscape Public License v1.0	SPDX:NPL-1.0
NPL-1.1	Netscape Public License v1.1	SPDX:NPL-1.1
NPOSL-3.0	Non-Profit Open Software License 3.0	SPDX:NPOSL-3.0
NRL	NRL License	SPDX:NRL
NTP	NTP License	SPDX:NTP
Naumen	Naumen Public License	SPDX:Naumen
NetCDF	NetCDF license	SPDX:NetCDF
Newsletr	Newsletr License	SPDX:Newsletr
Nokia	Nokia Open Source License	SPDX:Nokia
Not licensed	No license has been specified or applied to the resource, so no usage rights beyond default copyright protections can be assumed.	Not available
Noweb	Noweb License	SPDX:Noweb
Nunit	Nunit License	SPDX:Nunit
OCCT-PL	Open CASCADE Technology Public License	SPDX:OCCT-PL
OCLC-2.0	OCLC Research Public License 2.0	SPDX:OCLC-2.0
ODbL-1.0	Open Data Commons Open Database License v1.0	SPDX:ODbL-1.0
OFL-1.0	SIL Open Font License 1.0	SPDX:OFL-1.0
OFL-1.1	SIL Open Font License 1.1	SPDX:OFL-1.1
OGTSL	Open Group Test Suite License	SPDX:OGTSL
OLDAP-1.1	Open LDAP Public License v1.1	SPDX:OLDAP-1.1
OLDAP-1.2	Open LDAP Public License v1.2	SPDX:OLDAP-1.2
OLDAP-1.3	Open LDAP Public License v1.3	SPDX:OLDAP-1.3
OLDAP-1.4	Open LDAP Public License v1.4	SPDX:OLDAP-1.4
OLDAP-2.0	Open LDAP Public License v2.0 (or possibly 2.0A and 2.0B)	SPDX:OLDAP-2.0
OLDAP-2.0.1	Open LDAP Public License v2.0.1	SPDX:OLDAP-2.0.1
OLDAP-2.1	Open LDAP Public License v2.1	SPDX:OLDAP-2.1
OLDAP-2.2	Open LDAP Public License v2.2	SPDX:OLDAP-2.2
OLDAP-2.2.1	Open LDAP Public License v2.2.1	SPDX:OLDAP-2.2.1
OLDAP-2.2.2	Open LDAP Public License 2.2.2	SPDX:OLDAP-2.2.2
OLDAP-2.3	Open LDAP Public License v2.3	SPDX:OLDAP-2.3
OLDAP-2.4	Open LDAP Public License v2.4	SPDX:OLDAP-2.4
OLDAP-2.5	Open LDAP Public License v2.5	SPDX:OLDAP-2.5
OLDAP-2.6	Open LDAP Public License v2.6	SPDX:OLDAP-2.6
OLDAP-2.7	Open LDAP Public License v2.7	SPDX:OLDAP-2.7
OLDAP-2.8	Open LDAP Public License v2.8	SPDX:OLDAP-2.8
OML	Open Market License	SPDX:OML
OPL-1.0	Open Public License v1.0	SPDX:OPL-1.0
OSET-PL-2.1	OSET Public License version 2.1	SPDX:OSET-PL-2.1
OSL-1.0	Open Software License 1.0	SPDX:OSL-1.0
OSL-1.1	Open Software License 1.1	SPDX:OSL-1.1
OSL-2.0	Open Software License 2.0	SPDX:OSL-2.0
OSL-2.1	Open Software License 2.1	SPDX:OSL-2.1
OSL-3.0	Open Software License 3.0	SPDX:OSL-3.0
OpenSSL	OpenSSL License	SPDX:OpenSSL
Other	A license not covered by any of the other listed values.	SPDX:Other
PDDL-1.0	Open Data Commons Public Domain Dedication & License 1.0	SPDX:PDDL-1.0
PHP-3.0	PHP License v3.0	SPDX:PHP-3.0
PHP-3.01	PHP License v3.01	SPDX:PHP-3.01
Plexus	Plexus Classworlds License	SPDX:Plexus
PostgreSQL	PostgreSQL License	SPDX:PostgreSQL
Proprietary	A license under which the software's source code is not made publicly available and usage, modification, and redistribution are restricted by the copyright holder.	SPDX:Proprietary
Python-2.0	Python License 2.0	SPDX:Python-2.0
QPL-1.0	Q Public License 1.0	SPDX:QPL-1.0
Qhull	Qhull License	SPDX:Qhull
RHeCos-1.1	Red Hat eCos Public License v1.1	SPDX:RHeCos-1.1
RPL-1.1	Reciprocal Public License 1.1	SPDX:RPL-1.1
RPL-1.5	Reciprocal Public License 1.5	SPDX:RPL-1.5
RPSL-1.0	RealNetworks Public Source License v1.0	SPDX:RPSL-1.0
RSA-MD	RSA Message-Digest License	SPDX:RSA-MD
RSCPL	Ricoh Source Code Public License	SPDX:RSCPL
Rdisc	Rdisc License	SPDX:Rdisc
Ruby	Ruby License	SPDX:Ruby
SAX-PD	Sax Public Domain Notice	SPDX:SAX-PD
SCEA	SCEA Shared Source License	SPDX:SCEA
SGI-B-1.0	SGI Free Software License B v1.0	SPDX:SGI-B-1.0
SGI-B-1.1	SGI Free Software License B v1.1	SPDX:SGI-B-1.1
SGI-B-2.0	SGI Free Software License B v2.0	SPDX:SGI-B-2.0
SISSL	Sun Industry Standards Source License v1.1	SPDX:SISSL
SISSL-1.2	Sun Industry Standards Source License v1.2	SPDX:SISSL-1.2
SMLNJ	Standard ML of New Jersey License	SPDX:SMLNJ
SMPPL	Secure Messaging Protocol Public License	SPDX:SMPPL
SNIA	SNIA Public License 1.1	SPDX:SNIA
SPL-1.0	Sun Public License v1.0	SPDX:SPL-1.0
SWL	Scheme Widget Library (SWL) Software License Agreement	SPDX:SWL
Saxpath	Saxpath License	SPDX:Saxpath
Sendmail	Sendmail License	SPDX:Sendmail
SimPL-2.0	Simple Public License 2.0	SPDX:SimPL-2.0
Sleepycat	Sleepycat License	SPDX:Sleepycat
Spencer-86	Spencer License 86	SPDX:Spencer-86
Spencer-94	Spencer License 94	SPDX:Spencer-94
Spencer-99	Spencer License 99	SPDX:Spencer-99
SugarCRM-1.1.3	SugarCRM Public License v1.1.3	SPDX:SugarCRM-1.1.3
TCL	TCL/TK License	SPDX:TCL
TMate	TMate Open Source License	SPDX:TMate
TORQUE-1.1	TORQUE v2.5+ Software License v1.1	SPDX:TORQUE-1.1
TOSL	Trusster Open Source License	SPDX:TOSL
UPL-1.0	Universal Permissive License v1.0	SPDX:UPL-1.0
Unicode-TOU	Unicode Terms of Use	SPDX:Unicode-TOU
Unlicense	The Unlicense	SPDX:Unlicense
VOSTROM	VOSTROM Public License for Open Source	SPDX:VOSTROM
VSL-1.0	Vovida Software License v1.0	SPDX:VSL-1.0
Vim	Vim License	SPDX:Vim
W3C	W3C Software Notice and License (2002-12-31)	SPDX:W3C
W3C-19980720	W3C Software Notice and License (1998-07-20)	SPDX:W3C-19980720
WTFPL	Do What The F*ck You Want To Public License	SPDX:WTFPL
Watcom-1.0	Sybase Open Watcom Public License 1.0	SPDX:Watcom-1.0
Wsuipa	Wsuipa License	SPDX:Wsuipa
X11	X11 License	SPDX:X11
XFree86-1.1	XFree86 License 1.1	SPDX:XFree86-1.1
XSkat	XSkat License	SPDX:XSkat
Xerox	Xerox License	SPDX:Xerox
Xnet	X.Net License	SPDX:Xnet
YPL-1.0	Yahoo! Public License v1.0	SPDX:YPL-1.0
YPL-1.1	Yahoo! Public License v1.1	SPDX:YPL-1.1
ZPL-1.1	Zope Public License 1.1	SPDX:ZPL-1.1
ZPL-2.0	Zope Public License 2.0	SPDX:ZPL-2.0
ZPL-2.1	Zope Public License 2.1	SPDX:ZPL-2.1
Zed	Zed License	SPDX:Zed
Zend-2.0	Zend License v2.0	SPDX:Zend-2.0
Zimbra-1.3	Zimbra Public License v1.3	SPDX:Zimbra-1.3
Zimbra-1.4	Zimbra Public License v1.4	SPDX:Zimbra-1.4
Zlib	zlib License	SPDX:Zlib
bzip2-1.0.5	bzip2 and libbzip2 License v1.0.5	SPDX:bzip2-1.0.5
bzip2-1.0.6	bzip2 and libbzip2 License v1.0.6	SPDX:bzip2-1.0.6
curl	curl License	SPDX:curl
diffmark	diffmark license	SPDX:diffmark
dvipdfm	dvipdfm License	SPDX:dvipdfm
eGenix	eGenix.com Public License 1.1.0	SPDX:eGenix
gSOAP-1.3b	gSOAP Public License v1.3b	SPDX:gSOAP-1.3b
gnuplot	gnuplot License	SPDX:gnuplot
iMatix	iMatix Standard Function Library Agreement	SPDX:iMatix
libtiff	libtiff License	SPDX:libtiff
mpich2	mpich2 License	SPDX:mpich2
psfrag	psfrag License	SPDX:psfrag
psutils	psutils License	SPDX:psutils
xinetd	xinetd License	SPDX:xinetd
xpp	XPP License	SPDX:xpp
zlib-acknowledgement	zlib/libpng License with Acknowledgement	SPDX:zlib-acknowledgement